Initial add for sx126x

README.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The <a href="https://docs.embassy.dev/embassy-net/">embassy-net</a> network stac
 The <a href="https://github.com/embassy-rs/nrf-softdevice">nrf-softdevice</a> crate provides Bluetooth Low Energy 4.x and 5.x support for nRF52 microcontrollers.
 
 - **LoRa** - 
-<a href="https://docs.embassy.dev/embassy-lora/">embassy-lora</a> supports LoRa networking on STM32WL wireless microcontrollers and Semtech SX127x transceivers.
+<a href="https://docs.embassy.dev/embassy-lora/">embassy-lora</a> supports LoRa networking on STM32WL wireless microcontrollers and Semtech SX126x and SX127x transceivers.
 
 - **USB** - 
 <a href="https://docs.embassy.dev/embassy-usb/">embassy-usb</a> implements a device-side USB stack. Implementations for common classes such as USB serial (CDC ACM) and USB HID are available, and a rich builder API allows building your own.

embassy-lora/Cargo.toml

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ src_base = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy/blob/embassy-lora-v$VERSION/em
 src_base_git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy/blob/$COMMIT/embassy-lora/src/"
 features = ["time", "defmt"]
 flavors = [
+    { name = "rak4631", target = "thumbv7em-none-eabihf",   features = ["rak4631"] },
     { name = "sx127x",  target = "thumbv7em-none-eabihf", features = ["sx127x", "embassy-stm32/stm32wl55jc-cm4", "embassy-stm32/time-driver-any"] },
     { name = "stm32wl", target = "thumbv7em-none-eabihf", features = ["stm32wl", "embassy-stm32/stm32wl55jc-cm4", "embassy-stm32/time-driver-any"] },
 ]
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ flavors = [
 [lib]
 
 [features]
+rak4631 = []
 sx127x = []
 stm32wl = ["embassy-stm32", "embassy-stm32/subghz"]
 time = []

embassy-lora/src/lib.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ pub(crate) mod fmt;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "stm32wl")]
 pub mod stm32wl;
+#[cfg(feature = "rak4631")]
+pub mod sx126x;
 #[cfg(feature = "sx127x")]
 pub mod sx127x;
 

embassy-lora/src/sx126x/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+use core::future::Future;
+
+use defmt::Format;
+use embedded_hal::digital::v2::OutputPin;
+use embedded_hal_async::digital::Wait;
+use embedded_hal_async::spi::*;
+use lorawan_device::async_device::radio::{PhyRxTx, RfConfig, RxQuality, TxConfig};
+use lorawan_device::async_device::Timings;
+
+mod sx126x_lora;
+use sx126x_lora::LoRa;
+
+use self::sx126x_lora::mod_params::RadioError;
+
+/// Semtech Sx126x LoRa peripheral
+pub struct Sx126xRadio<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT, BUS>
+where
+    SPI: SpiBus<u8, Error = BUS> + 'static,
+    CS: OutputPin + 'static,
+    RESET: OutputPin + 'static,
+    ANTRX: OutputPin + 'static,
+    ANTTX: OutputPin + 'static,
+    WAIT: Wait + 'static,
+    BUS: Error + Format + 'static,
+{
+    pub lora: LoRa<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT>,
+}
+
+impl<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT, BUS> Sx126xRadio<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT, BUS>
+where
+    SPI: SpiBus<u8, Error = BUS> + 'static,
+    CS: OutputPin + 'static,
+    RESET: OutputPin + 'static,
+    ANTRX: OutputPin + 'static,
+    ANTTX: OutputPin + 'static,
+    WAIT: Wait + 'static,
+    BUS: Error + Format + 'static,
+{
+    pub async fn new(
+        spi: SPI,
+        cs: CS,
+        reset: RESET,
+        antenna_rx: ANTRX,
+        antenna_tx: ANTTX,
+        dio1: WAIT,
+        busy: WAIT,
+        enable_public_network: bool,
+    ) -> Result<Self, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut lora = LoRa::new(spi, cs, reset, antenna_rx, antenna_tx, dio1, busy);
+        lora.init().await?;
+        lora.set_lora_modem(enable_public_network).await?;
+        Ok(Self { lora })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT, BUS> Timings for Sx126xRadio<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT, BUS>
+where
+    SPI: SpiBus<u8, Error = BUS> + 'static,
+    CS: OutputPin + 'static,
+    RESET: OutputPin + 'static,
+    ANTRX: OutputPin + 'static,
+    ANTTX: OutputPin + 'static,
+    WAIT: Wait + 'static,
+    BUS: Error + Format + 'static,
+{
+    fn get_rx_window_offset_ms(&self) -> i32 {
+        -500
+    }
+    fn get_rx_window_duration_ms(&self) -> u32 {
+        800
+    }
+}
+
+impl<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT, BUS> PhyRxTx for Sx126xRadio<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT, BUS>
+where
+    SPI: SpiBus<u8, Error = BUS> + 'static,
+    CS: OutputPin + 'static,
+    RESET: OutputPin + 'static,
+    ANTRX: OutputPin + 'static,
+    ANTTX: OutputPin + 'static,
+    WAIT: Wait + 'static,
+    BUS: Error + Format + 'static,
+{
+    type PhyError = RadioError<BUS>;
+
+    type TxFuture<'m> = impl Future<Output = Result<u32, Self::PhyError>> + 'm
+    where
+        SPI: 'm,
+        CS: 'm,
+        RESET: 'm,
+        ANTRX: 'm,
+        ANTTX: 'm,
+        WAIT: 'm,
+        BUS: 'm;
+
+    fn tx<'m>(&'m mut self, config: TxConfig, buffer: &'m [u8]) -> Self::TxFuture<'m> {
+        trace!("TX START");
+        async move {
+            self.lora
+                .set_tx_config(
+                    config.pw,
+                    config.rf.spreading_factor.into(),
+                    config.rf.bandwidth.into(),
+                    config.rf.coding_rate.into(),
+                    4,
+                    false,
+                    true,
+                    false,
+                    0,
+                    false,
+                )
+                .await?;
+            self.lora.set_max_payload_length(buffer.len() as u8).await?;
+            self.lora.set_channel(config.rf.frequency).await?;
+            self.lora.send(buffer, 0xffffff).await?;
+            self.lora.process_irq(None, None, None).await?;
+            trace!("TX DONE");
+            return Ok(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    type RxFuture<'m> = impl Future<Output = Result<(usize, RxQuality), Self::PhyError>> + 'm
+    where
+        SPI: 'm,
+        CS: 'm,
+        RESET: 'm,
+        ANTRX: 'm,
+        ANTTX: 'm,
+        WAIT: 'm,
+        BUS: 'm;
+
+    fn rx<'m>(&'m mut self, config: RfConfig, receiving_buffer: &'m mut [u8]) -> Self::RxFuture<'m> {
+        trace!("RX START");
+        async move {
+            self.lora
+                .set_rx_config(
+                    config.spreading_factor.into(),
+                    config.bandwidth.into(),
+                    config.coding_rate.into(),
+                    4,
+                    4,
+                    false,
+                    0u8,
+                    true,
+                    false,
+                    0,
+                    false,
+                    true,
+                )
+                .await?;
+            self.lora.set_max_payload_length(receiving_buffer.len() as u8).await?;
+            self.lora.set_channel(config.frequency).await?;
+            self.lora.rx(90 * 1000).await?;
+            let mut received_len = 0u8;
+            self.lora
+                .process_irq(Some(receiving_buffer), Some(&mut received_len), None)
+                .await?;
+            trace!("RX DONE");
+
+            let packet_status = self.lora.get_latest_packet_status();
+            let mut rssi = 0i16;
+            let mut snr = 0i8;
+            if packet_status.is_some() {
+                rssi = packet_status.unwrap().rssi as i16;
+                snr = packet_status.unwrap().snr;
+            }
+
+            Ok((received_len as usize, RxQuality::new(rssi, snr)))
+        }
+    }
+}

embassy-lora/src/sx126x/sx126x_lora/board_specific.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+use embassy_time::{Duration, Timer};
+use embedded_hal::digital::v2::OutputPin;
+use embedded_hal_async::digital::Wait;
+use embedded_hal_async::spi::SpiBus;
+
+use super::mod_params::RadioError::*;
+use super::mod_params::*;
+use super::LoRa;
+
+// Defines the time required for the TCXO to wakeup [ms].
+const BRD_TCXO_WAKEUP_TIME: u32 = 10;
+
+// Provides board-specific functionality for Semtech SX126x-based boards.  Use #[cfg(feature = "board_type")] to specify unique board functionality.
+// The base implementation supports the RAK4631 board.
+
+impl<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT, BUS> LoRa<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT>
+where
+    SPI: SpiBus<u8, Error = BUS>,
+    CS: OutputPin,
+    RESET: OutputPin,
+    ANTRX: OutputPin,
+    ANTTX: OutputPin,
+    WAIT: Wait,
+{
+    // De-initialize the radio I/Os pins interface.  Useful when going into MCU low power modes.
+    pub(super) async fn brd_io_deinit(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        Ok(()) // no operation currently
+    }
+
+    // Initialize the TCXO power pin
+    pub(super) async fn brd_io_tcxo_init(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let timeout = self.brd_get_board_tcxo_wakeup_time() << 6;
+        self.sub_set_dio3_as_tcxo_ctrl(TcxoCtrlVoltage::Ctrl1V7, timeout)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Initialize RF switch control pins
+    pub(super) async fn brd_io_rf_switch_init(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_dio2_as_rf_switch_ctrl(true).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Initialize the radio debug pins
+    pub(super) async fn brd_io_dbg_init(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        Ok(()) // no operation currently
+    }
+
+    // Hardware reset of the radio
+    pub(super) async fn brd_reset(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        Timer::after(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        self.reset.set_low().map_err(|_| Reset)?;
+        Timer::after(Duration::from_millis(20)).await;
+        self.reset.set_high().map_err(|_| Reset)?;
+        Timer::after(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Wait while the busy pin is high
+    pub(super) async fn brd_wait_on_busy(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.busy.wait_for_low().await.map_err(|_| Busy)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Wake up the radio
+    pub(super) async fn brd_wakeup(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.cs.set_low().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[OpCode::GetStatus.value()]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[0x00]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.cs.set_high().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+
+        self.brd_wait_on_busy().await?;
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::StandbyRC);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Send a command that writes data to the radio
+    pub(super) async fn brd_write_command(&mut self, op_code: OpCode, buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_check_device_ready().await?;
+
+        self.cs.set_low().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[op_code.value()]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.spi.write(buffer).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.cs.set_high().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+
+        if op_code != OpCode::SetSleep {
+            self.brd_wait_on_busy().await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Send a command that reads data from the radio, filling the provided buffer and returning a status
+    pub(super) async fn brd_read_command(&mut self, op_code: OpCode, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<u8, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut status = [0u8];
+        let mut input = [0u8];
+
+        self.sub_check_device_ready().await?;
+
+        self.cs.set_low().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[op_code.value()]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.spi.transfer(&mut status, &[0x00]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        for i in 0..buffer.len() {
+            self.spi.transfer(&mut input, &[0x00]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+            buffer[i] = input[0];
+        }
+        self.cs.set_high().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+
+        self.brd_wait_on_busy().await?;
+
+        Ok(status[0])
+    }
+
+    // Write one or more bytes of data to the radio memory
+    pub(super) async fn brd_write_registers(
+        &mut self,
+        start_register: Register,
+        buffer: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_check_device_ready().await?;
+
+        self.cs.set_low().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[OpCode::WriteRegister.value()]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.spi
+            .write(&[
+                ((start_register.addr() & 0xFF00) >> 8) as u8,
+                (start_register.addr() & 0x00FF) as u8,
+            ])
+            .await
+            .map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.spi.write(buffer).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.cs.set_high().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+
+        self.brd_wait_on_busy().await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Read one or more bytes of data from the radio memory
+    pub(super) async fn brd_read_registers(
+        &mut self,
+        start_register: Register,
+        buffer: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut input = [0u8];
+
+        self.sub_check_device_ready().await?;
+
+        self.cs.set_low().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[OpCode::ReadRegister.value()]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.spi
+            .write(&[
+                ((start_register.addr() & 0xFF00) >> 8) as u8,
+                (start_register.addr() & 0x00FF) as u8,
+                0x00u8,
+            ])
+            .await
+            .map_err(SPI)?;
+        for i in 0..buffer.len() {
+            self.spi.transfer(&mut input, &[0x00]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+            buffer[i] = input[0];
+        }
+        self.cs.set_high().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+
+        self.brd_wait_on_busy().await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Write data to the buffer holding the payload in the radio
+    pub(super) async fn brd_write_buffer(&mut self, offset: u8, buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_check_device_ready().await?;
+
+        self.cs.set_low().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[OpCode::WriteBuffer.value()]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[offset]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.spi.write(buffer).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.cs.set_high().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+
+        self.brd_wait_on_busy().await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Read data from the buffer holding the payload in the radio
+    pub(super) async fn brd_read_buffer(&mut self, offset: u8, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut input = [0u8];
+
+        self.sub_check_device_ready().await?;
+
+        self.cs.set_low().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[OpCode::ReadBuffer.value()]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[offset]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        self.spi.write(&[0x00]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+        for i in 0..buffer.len() {
+            self.spi.transfer(&mut input, &[0x00]).await.map_err(SPI)?;
+            buffer[i] = input[0];
+        }
+        self.cs.set_high().map_err(|_| CS)?;
+
+        self.brd_wait_on_busy().await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio output power
+    pub(super) async fn brd_set_rf_tx_power(&mut self, power: i8) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_tx_params(power, RampTime::Ramp40Us).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Get the radio type
+    pub(super) fn brd_get_radio_type(&mut self) -> RadioType {
+        #[cfg(feature = "rak4631")]
+        RadioType::SX1262
+    }
+
+    // Initialize the RF switch I/O pins interface
+    pub(super) async fn brd_ant_sw_on(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        Ok(()) // no operation currently
+    }
+
+    // De-initialize the RF switch I/O pins interface for MCU low power modes
+    pub(super) async fn brd_ant_sw_off(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        Ok(()) // no operation currently
+    }
+
+    // Check if the given RF frequency is supported by the hardware
+    pub(super) async fn brd_check_rf_frequency(&mut self, _frequency: u32) -> Result<bool, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "rak4631")]
+        Ok(true) // all frequencies currently supported for the SX1262 within a rak4631
+    }
+
+    // Get the duration required for the TCXO to wakeup [ms].
+    pub(super) fn brd_get_board_tcxo_wakeup_time(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        BRD_TCXO_WAKEUP_TIME
+    }
+
+    /* Get current state of the DIO1 pin - not currently needed if waiting on DIO1 instead of using an IRQ process
+    pub(super) async fn brd_get_dio1_pin_state(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> Result<u32, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+    */
+
+    // Get the current radio operatiing mode
+    pub(super) fn brd_get_operating_mode(&mut self) -> RadioMode {
+        self.operating_mode
+    }
+
+    // Set/Update the current radio operating mode  This function is only required to reflect the current radio operating mode when processing interrupts.
+    pub(super) fn brd_set_operating_mode(&mut self, mode: RadioMode) {
+        self.operating_mode = mode;
+    }
+}

embassy-lora/src/sx126x/sx126x_lora/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,735 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+use embassy_time::{Duration, Timer};
+use embedded_hal::digital::v2::OutputPin;
+use embedded_hal_async::digital::Wait;
+use embedded_hal_async::spi::SpiBus;
+
+mod board_specific;
+pub mod mod_params;
+mod subroutine;
+
+use mod_params::RadioError::*;
+use mod_params::*;
+
+// Syncwords for public and private networks
+const LORA_MAC_PUBLIC_SYNCWORD: u16 = 0x3444;
+const LORA_MAC_PRIVATE_SYNCWORD: u16 = 0x1424;
+
+// Maximum number of registers that can be added to the retention list
+const MAX_NUMBER_REGS_IN_RETENTION: u8 = 4;
+
+// Possible LoRa bandwidths
+const LORA_BANDWIDTHS: [Bandwidth; 3] = [Bandwidth::_125KHz, Bandwidth::_250KHz, Bandwidth::_500KHz];
+
+// Radio complete wakeup time with margin for temperature compensation [ms]
+const RADIO_WAKEUP_TIME: u32 = 3;
+
+/// Provides high-level access to Semtech SX126x-based boards
+pub struct LoRa<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT> {
+    spi: SPI,
+    cs: CS,
+    reset: RESET,
+    antenna_rx: ANTRX,
+    antenna_tx: ANTTX,
+    dio1: WAIT,
+    busy: WAIT,
+    operating_mode: RadioMode,
+    rx_continuous: bool,
+    max_payload_length: u8,
+    modulation_params: Option<ModulationParams>,
+    packet_type: PacketType,
+    packet_params: Option<PacketParams>,
+    packet_status: Option<PacketStatus>,
+    image_calibrated: bool,
+    frequency_error: u32,
+}
+
+impl<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT, BUS> LoRa<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT>
+where
+    SPI: SpiBus<u8, Error = BUS>,
+    CS: OutputPin,
+    RESET: OutputPin,
+    ANTRX: OutputPin,
+    ANTTX: OutputPin,
+    WAIT: Wait,
+{
+    /// Builds and returns a new instance of the radio. Only one instance of the radio should exist at a time ()
+    pub fn new(spi: SPI, cs: CS, reset: RESET, antenna_rx: ANTRX, antenna_tx: ANTTX, dio1: WAIT, busy: WAIT) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            spi,
+            cs,
+            reset,
+            antenna_rx,
+            antenna_tx,
+            dio1,
+            busy,
+            operating_mode: RadioMode::Sleep,
+            rx_continuous: false,
+            max_payload_length: 0xFFu8,
+            modulation_params: None,
+            packet_type: PacketType::LoRa,
+            packet_params: None,
+            packet_status: None,
+            image_calibrated: false,
+            frequency_error: 0u32, // where is volatile FrequencyError modified ???
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize the radio
+    pub async fn init(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_init().await?;
+        self.sub_set_standby(StandbyMode::RC).await?;
+        self.sub_set_regulator_mode(RegulatorMode::UseDCDC).await?;
+        self.sub_set_buffer_base_address(0x00u8, 0x00u8).await?;
+        self.sub_set_tx_params(0i8, RampTime::Ramp200Us).await?;
+        self.sub_set_dio_irq_params(
+            IrqMask::All.value(),
+            IrqMask::All.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+        self.add_register_to_retention_list(Register::RxGain.addr()).await?;
+        self.add_register_to_retention_list(Register::TxModulation.addr())
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Return current radio state
+    pub fn get_status(&mut self) -> RadioState {
+        match self.brd_get_operating_mode() {
+            RadioMode::Transmit => RadioState::TxRunning,
+            RadioMode::Receive => RadioState::RxRunning,
+            RadioMode::ChannelActivityDetection => RadioState::ChannelActivityDetecting,
+            _ => RadioState::Idle,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Configure the radio for LoRa (FSK support should be provided in a separate driver, if desired)
+    pub async fn set_lora_modem(&mut self, enable_public_network: bool) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_packet_type(PacketType::LoRa).await?;
+        if enable_public_network {
+            self.brd_write_registers(
+                Register::LoRaSyncword,
+                &[
+                    ((LORA_MAC_PUBLIC_SYNCWORD >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8,
+                    (LORA_MAC_PUBLIC_SYNCWORD & 0xFF) as u8,
+                ],
+            )
+            .await?;
+        } else {
+            self.brd_write_registers(
+                Register::LoRaSyncword,
+                &[
+                    ((LORA_MAC_PRIVATE_SYNCWORD >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8,
+                    (LORA_MAC_PRIVATE_SYNCWORD & 0xFF) as u8,
+                ],
+            )
+            .await?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the channel frequency
+    pub async fn set_channel(&mut self, frequency: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_rf_frequency(frequency).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /* Checks if the channel is free for the given time.  This is currently not implemented until a substitute
+        for switching to the FSK modem is found.
+
+    pub async fn is_channel_free(&mut self, frequency: u32, rxBandwidth: u32, rssiThresh: i16, maxCarrierSenseTime: u32) -> bool;
+    */
+
+    /// Generate a 32 bit random value based on the RSSI readings, after disabling all interrupts.   Ensure set_lora_modem() is called befrorehand.
+    /// After calling this function either set_rx_config() or set_tx_config() must be called.
+    pub async fn get_random_value(&mut self) -> Result<u32, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_dio_irq_params(
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+        let result = self.sub_get_random().await?;
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the reception parameters for the LoRa modem (only).  Ensure set_lora_modem() is called befrorehand.
+    ///   spreading_factor     [6: 64, 7: 128, 8: 256, 9: 512, 10: 1024, 11: 2048, 12: 4096 chips/symbol]
+    ///   bandwidth            [0: 125 kHz, 1: 250 kHz, 2: 500 kHz, 3: Reserved]
+    ///   coding_rate          [1: 4/5, 2: 4/6, 3: 4/7, 4: 4/8]
+    ///   preamble_length      length in symbols (the hardware adds 4 more symbols)
+    ///   symb_timeout         RxSingle timeout value in symbols
+    ///   fixed_len            fixed length packets [0: variable, 1: fixed]
+    ///   payload_len          payload length when fixed length is used
+    ///   crc_on               [0: OFF, 1: ON]
+    ///   freq_hop_on          intra-packet frequency hopping [0: OFF, 1: ON]
+    ///   hop_period           number of symbols between each hop
+    ///   iq_inverted          invert IQ signals [0: not inverted, 1: inverted]
+    ///   rx_continuous        reception mode [false: single mode, true: continuous mode]
+    pub async fn set_rx_config(
+        &mut self,
+        spreading_factor: SpreadingFactor,
+        bandwidth: Bandwidth,
+        coding_rate: CodingRate,
+        preamble_length: u16,
+        symb_timeout: u16,
+        fixed_len: bool,
+        payload_len: u8,
+        crc_on: bool,
+        _freq_hop_on: bool,
+        _hop_period: u8,
+        iq_inverted: bool,
+        rx_continuous: bool,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut symb_timeout_final = symb_timeout;
+
+        self.rx_continuous = rx_continuous;
+        if self.rx_continuous {
+            symb_timeout_final = 0;
+        }
+        if fixed_len {
+            self.max_payload_length = payload_len;
+        } else {
+            self.max_payload_length = 0xFFu8;
+        }
+
+        self.sub_set_stop_rx_timer_on_preamble_detect(false).await?;
+
+        let mut low_data_rate_optimize = 0x00u8;
+        if (((spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_11) || (spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_12))
+            && (bandwidth == Bandwidth::_125KHz))
+            || ((spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_12) && (bandwidth == Bandwidth::_250KHz))
+        {
+            low_data_rate_optimize = 0x01u8;
+        }
+
+        let modulation_params = ModulationParams {
+            spreading_factor: spreading_factor,
+            bandwidth: bandwidth,
+            coding_rate: coding_rate,
+            low_data_rate_optimize: low_data_rate_optimize,
+        };
+
+        let mut preamble_length_final = preamble_length;
+        if ((spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_5) || (spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_6))
+            && (preamble_length < 12)
+        {
+            preamble_length_final = 12;
+        }
+
+        let packet_params = PacketParams {
+            preamble_length: preamble_length_final,
+            implicit_header: fixed_len,
+            payload_length: self.max_payload_length,
+            crc_on: crc_on,
+            iq_inverted: iq_inverted,
+        };
+
+        self.modulation_params = Some(modulation_params);
+        self.packet_params = Some(packet_params);
+
+        self.standby().await?;
+        self.sub_set_modulation_params().await?;
+        self.sub_set_packet_params().await?;
+        self.sub_set_lora_symb_num_timeout(symb_timeout_final).await?;
+
+        // Optimize the Inverted IQ Operation (see DS_SX1261-2_V1.2 datasheet chapter 15.4)
+        let mut iq_polarity = [0x00u8];
+        self.brd_read_registers(Register::IQPolarity, &mut iq_polarity).await?;
+        if iq_inverted {
+            self.brd_write_registers(Register::IQPolarity, &[iq_polarity[0] & (!(1 << 2))])
+                .await?;
+        } else {
+            self.brd_write_registers(Register::IQPolarity, &[iq_polarity[0] | (1 << 2)])
+                .await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the transmission parameters for the LoRa modem (only).
+    ///   power                output power [dBm]
+    ///   spreading_factor     [6: 64, 7: 128, 8: 256, 9: 512, 10: 1024, 11: 2048, 12: 4096 chips/symbol]
+    ///   bandwidth            [0: 125 kHz, 1: 250 kHz, 2: 500 kHz, 3: Reserved]
+    ///   coding_rate          [1: 4/5, 2: 4/6, 3: 4/7, 4: 4/8]
+    ///   preamble_length      length in symbols (the hardware adds 4 more symbols)
+    ///   fixed_len            fixed length packets [0: variable, 1: fixed]
+    ///   crc_on               [0: OFF, 1: ON]
+    ///   freq_hop_on          intra-packet frequency hopping [0: OFF, 1: ON]
+    ///   hop_period           number of symbols between each hop
+    ///   iq_inverted          invert IQ signals [0: not inverted, 1: inverted]
+    pub async fn set_tx_config(
+        &mut self,
+        power: i8,
+        spreading_factor: SpreadingFactor,
+        bandwidth: Bandwidth,
+        coding_rate: CodingRate,
+        preamble_length: u16,
+        fixed_len: bool,
+        crc_on: bool,
+        _freq_hop_on: bool,
+        _hop_period: u8,
+        iq_inverted: bool,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut low_data_rate_optimize = 0x00u8;
+        if (((spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_11) || (spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_12))
+            && (bandwidth == Bandwidth::_125KHz))
+            || ((spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_12) && (bandwidth == Bandwidth::_250KHz))
+        {
+            low_data_rate_optimize = 0x01u8;
+        }
+
+        let modulation_params = ModulationParams {
+            spreading_factor: spreading_factor,
+            bandwidth: bandwidth,
+            coding_rate: coding_rate,
+            low_data_rate_optimize: low_data_rate_optimize,
+        };
+
+        let mut preamble_length_final = preamble_length;
+        if ((spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_5) || (spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_6))
+            && (preamble_length < 12)
+        {
+            preamble_length_final = 12;
+        }
+
+        let packet_params = PacketParams {
+            preamble_length: preamble_length_final,
+            implicit_header: fixed_len,
+            payload_length: self.max_payload_length,
+            crc_on: crc_on,
+            iq_inverted: iq_inverted,
+        };
+
+        self.modulation_params = Some(modulation_params);
+        self.packet_params = Some(packet_params);
+
+        self.standby().await?;
+        self.sub_set_modulation_params().await?;
+        self.sub_set_packet_params().await?;
+
+        // Handle modulation quality with the 500 kHz LoRa bandwidth (see DS_SX1261-2_V1.2 datasheet chapter 15.1)
+
+        let mut tx_modulation = [0x00u8];
+        self.brd_read_registers(Register::TxModulation, &mut tx_modulation)
+            .await?;
+        if bandwidth == Bandwidth::_500KHz {
+            self.brd_write_registers(Register::TxModulation, &[tx_modulation[0] & (!(1 << 2))])
+                .await?;
+        } else {
+            self.brd_write_registers(Register::TxModulation, &[tx_modulation[0] | (1 << 2)])
+                .await?;
+        }
+
+        self.brd_set_rf_tx_power(power).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the given RF frequency is supported by the hardware [true: supported, false: unsupported]
+    pub async fn check_rf_frequency(&mut self, frequency: u32) -> Result<bool, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        Ok(self.brd_check_rf_frequency(frequency).await?)
+    }
+
+    /// Computes the packet time on air in ms for the given payload for a LoRa modem (can only be called once set_rx_config or set_tx_config have been called)
+    ///   spreading_factor     [6: 64, 7: 128, 8: 256, 9: 512, 10: 1024, 11: 2048, 12: 4096 chips/symbol]
+    ///   bandwidth            [0: 125 kHz, 1: 250 kHz, 2: 500 kHz, 3: Reserved]
+    ///   coding_rate          [1: 4/5, 2: 4/6, 3: 4/7, 4: 4/8]
+    ///   preamble_length      length in symbols (the hardware adds 4 more symbols)
+    ///   fixed_len            fixed length packets [0: variable, 1: fixed]
+    ///   payload_len          sets payload length when fixed length is used
+    ///   crc_on               [0: OFF, 1: ON]
+    pub fn get_time_on_air(
+        &mut self,
+        spreading_factor: SpreadingFactor,
+        bandwidth: Bandwidth,
+        coding_rate: CodingRate,
+        preamble_length: u16,
+        fixed_len: bool,
+        payload_len: u8,
+        crc_on: bool,
+    ) -> Result<u32, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let numerator = 1000
+            * Self::get_lora_time_on_air_numerator(
+                spreading_factor,
+                bandwidth,
+                coding_rate,
+                preamble_length,
+                fixed_len,
+                payload_len,
+                crc_on,
+            );
+        let denominator = bandwidth.value_in_hz();
+        if denominator == 0 {
+            Err(RadioError::InvalidBandwidth)
+        } else {
+            Ok((numerator + denominator - 1) / denominator)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Send the buffer of the given size. Prepares the packet to be sent and sets the radio in transmission [timeout in ms]
+    pub async fn send(&mut self, buffer: &[u8], timeout: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        if self.packet_params.is_some() {
+            self.sub_set_dio_irq_params(
+                IrqMask::TxDone.value() | IrqMask::RxTxTimeout.value(),
+                IrqMask::TxDone.value() | IrqMask::RxTxTimeout.value(),
+                IrqMask::None.value(),
+                IrqMask::None.value(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+            let mut packet_params = self.packet_params.as_mut().unwrap();
+            packet_params.payload_length = buffer.len() as u8;
+            self.sub_set_packet_params().await?;
+            self.sub_send_payload(buffer, timeout).await?;
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(RadioError::PacketParamsMissing)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the radio in sleep mode
+    pub async fn sleep(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_sleep(SleepParams {
+            wakeup_rtc: false,
+            reset: false,
+            warm_start: true,
+        })
+        .await?;
+        Timer::after(Duration::from_millis(2)).await;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the radio in standby mode
+    pub async fn standby(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_standby(StandbyMode::RC).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the radio in reception mode for the given duration [0: continuous, others: timeout (ms)]       
+    pub async fn rx(&mut self, timeout: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_dio_irq_params(
+            IrqMask::All.value(),
+            IrqMask::All.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+        if self.rx_continuous {
+            self.sub_set_rx(0xFFFFFF).await?;
+        } else {
+            self.sub_set_rx(timeout << 6).await?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Start a Channel Activity Detection
+    pub async fn start_cad(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_dio_irq_params(
+            IrqMask::CADDone.value() | IrqMask::CADActivityDetected.value(),
+            IrqMask::CADDone.value() | IrqMask::CADActivityDetected.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+        self.sub_set_cad().await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the radio in continuous wave transmission mode
+    ///   frequency    channel RF frequency
+    ///   power        output power [dBm]
+    ///   timeout      transmission mode timeout [s]
+    pub async fn set_tx_continuous_wave(
+        &mut self,
+        frequency: u32,
+        power: i8,
+        _timeout: u16,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_rf_frequency(frequency).await?;
+        self.brd_set_rf_tx_power(power).await?;
+        self.sub_set_tx_continuous_wave().await?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the current RSSI value for the LoRa modem (only) [dBm]
+    pub async fn get_rssi(&mut self) -> Result<i16, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let value = self.sub_get_rssi_inst().await?;
+        Ok(value as i16)
+    }
+
+    /// Write one or more radio registers with a buffer of a given size, starting at the first register address
+    pub async fn write_registers_from_buffer(
+        &mut self,
+        start_register: Register,
+        buffer: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_registers(start_register, buffer).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read one or more radio registers into a buffer of a given size, starting at the first register address
+    pub async fn read_registers_into_buffer(
+        &mut self,
+        start_register: Register,
+        buffer: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_read_registers(start_register, buffer).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the maximum payload length (in bytes) for a LoRa modem (only).
+    pub async fn set_max_payload_length(&mut self, max: u8) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        if self.packet_params.is_some() {
+            let packet_params = self.packet_params.as_mut().unwrap();
+            self.max_payload_length = max;
+            packet_params.payload_length = max;
+            self.sub_set_packet_params().await?;
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(RadioError::PacketParamsMissing)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the time required for the board plus radio to get out of sleep [ms]
+    pub fn get_wakeup_time(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        self.brd_get_board_tcxo_wakeup_time() + RADIO_WAKEUP_TIME
+    }
+
+    /// Process the radio irq
+    pub async fn process_irq(
+        &mut self,
+        receiving_buffer: Option<&mut [u8]>,
+        received_len: Option<&mut u8>,
+        cad_activity_detected: Option<&mut bool>,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        loop {
+            info!("process_irq loop entered"); // debug ???
+
+            let de = self.sub_get_device_errors().await?;
+            info!("device_errors: rc_64khz_calibration = {}, rc_13mhz_calibration = {}, pll_calibration = {}, adc_calibration = {}, image_calibration = {}, xosc_start = {}, pll_lock = {}, pa_ramp = {}",
+                               de.rc_64khz_calibration, de.rc_13mhz_calibration, de.pll_calibration, de.adc_calibration, de.image_calibration, de.xosc_start, de.pll_lock, de.pa_ramp);
+            let st = self.sub_get_status().await?;
+            info!(
+                "radio status: cmd_status: {:x}, chip_mode: {:x}",
+                st.cmd_status, st.chip_mode
+            );
+
+            self.dio1.wait_for_high().await.map_err(|_| DIO1)?;
+            let operating_mode = self.brd_get_operating_mode();
+            let irq_flags = self.sub_get_irq_status().await?;
+            self.sub_clear_irq_status(irq_flags).await?;
+            info!("process_irq DIO1 satisfied: irq_flags = {:x}", irq_flags); // debug ???
+
+            // check for errors and unexpected interrupt masks (based on operation mode)
+            if (irq_flags & IrqMask::HeaderError.value()) == IrqMask::HeaderError.value() {
+                if !self.rx_continuous {
+                    self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::StandbyRC);
+                }
+                return Err(RadioError::HeaderError);
+            } else if (irq_flags & IrqMask::CRCError.value()) == IrqMask::CRCError.value() {
+                if operating_mode == RadioMode::Receive {
+                    if !self.rx_continuous {
+                        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::StandbyRC);
+                    }
+                    return Err(RadioError::CRCErrorOnReceive);
+                } else {
+                    return Err(RadioError::CRCErrorUnexpected);
+                }
+            } else if (irq_flags & IrqMask::RxTxTimeout.value()) == IrqMask::RxTxTimeout.value() {
+                if operating_mode == RadioMode::Transmit {
+                    self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::StandbyRC);
+                    return Err(RadioError::TransmitTimeout);
+                } else if operating_mode == RadioMode::Receive {
+                    self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::StandbyRC);
+                    return Err(RadioError::ReceiveTimeout);
+                } else {
+                    return Err(RadioError::TimeoutUnexpected);
+                }
+            } else if ((irq_flags & IrqMask::TxDone.value()) == IrqMask::TxDone.value())
+                && (operating_mode != RadioMode::Transmit)
+            {
+                return Err(RadioError::TransmitDoneUnexpected);
+            } else if ((irq_flags & IrqMask::RxDone.value()) == IrqMask::RxDone.value())
+                && (operating_mode != RadioMode::Receive)
+            {
+                return Err(RadioError::ReceiveDoneUnexpected);
+            } else if (((irq_flags & IrqMask::CADActivityDetected.value()) == IrqMask::CADActivityDetected.value())
+                || ((irq_flags & IrqMask::CADDone.value()) == IrqMask::CADDone.value()))
+                && (operating_mode != RadioMode::ChannelActivityDetection)
+            {
+                return Err(RadioError::CADUnexpected);
+            }
+
+            // debug ???
+            if (irq_flags & IrqMask::HeaderValid.value()) == IrqMask::HeaderValid.value() {
+                info!("HeaderValid");
+            } else if (irq_flags & IrqMask::PreambleDetected.value()) == IrqMask::PreambleDetected.value() {
+                info!("PreambleDetected");
+            } else if (irq_flags & IrqMask::SyncwordValid.value()) == IrqMask::SyncwordValid.value() {
+                info!("SyncwordValid");
+            }
+
+            // handle completions
+            if (irq_flags & IrqMask::TxDone.value()) == IrqMask::TxDone.value() {
+                self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::StandbyRC);
+                return Ok(());
+            } else if (irq_flags & IrqMask::RxDone.value()) == IrqMask::RxDone.value() {
+                if !self.rx_continuous {
+                    self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::StandbyRC);
+
+                    // implicit header mode timeout behavior (see DS_SX1261-2_V1.2 datasheet chapter 15.3)
+                    self.brd_write_registers(Register::RTCCtrl, &[0x00]).await?;
+                    let mut evt_clr = [0x00u8];
+                    self.brd_read_registers(Register::EvtClr, &mut evt_clr).await?;
+                    evt_clr[0] |= 1 << 1;
+                    self.brd_write_registers(Register::EvtClr, &evt_clr).await?;
+                }
+
+                if receiving_buffer.is_some() && received_len.is_some() {
+                    *(received_len.unwrap()) = self.sub_get_payload(receiving_buffer.unwrap()).await?;
+                }
+                self.packet_status = self.sub_get_packet_status().await?.into();
+                return Ok(());
+            } else if (irq_flags & IrqMask::CADDone.value()) == IrqMask::CADDone.value() {
+                if cad_activity_detected.is_some() {
+                    *(cad_activity_detected.unwrap()) =
+                        (irq_flags & IrqMask::CADActivityDetected.value()) == IrqMask::CADActivityDetected.value();
+                }
+                self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::StandbyRC);
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+
+            // if DIO1 was driven high for reasons other than an error or operation completion (currently, PreambleDetected, SyncwordValid, and HeaderValid
+            // are in that category), loop to wait again
+        }
+    }
+
+    // SX126x-specific functions
+
+    /// Set the radio in reception mode with Max LNA gain for the given time (SX126x radios only) [0: continuous, others timeout in ms]
+    pub async fn set_rx_boosted(&mut self, timeout: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_dio_irq_params(
+            IrqMask::All.value(),
+            IrqMask::All.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+            IrqMask::None.value(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+        if self.rx_continuous {
+            self.sub_set_rx_boosted(0xFFFFFF).await?; // Rx continuous
+        } else {
+            self.sub_set_rx_boosted(timeout << 6).await?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the Rx duty cycle management parameters (SX126x radios only)
+    ///   rx_time       structure describing reception timeout value
+    ///   sleep_time    structure describing sleep timeout value
+    pub async fn set_rx_duty_cycle(&mut self, rx_time: u32, sleep_time: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_rx_duty_cycle(rx_time, sleep_time).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_latest_packet_status(&mut self) -> Option<PacketStatus> {
+        self.packet_status
+    }
+
+    // Utilities
+
+    async fn add_register_to_retention_list(&mut self, register_address: u16) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut buffer = [0x00u8; (1 + (2 * MAX_NUMBER_REGS_IN_RETENTION)) as usize];
+
+        // Read the address and registers already added to the list
+        self.brd_read_registers(Register::RetentionList, &mut buffer).await?;
+
+        let number_of_registers = buffer[0];
+        for i in 0..number_of_registers {
+            if register_address
+                == ((buffer[(1 + (2 * i)) as usize] as u16) << 8) | (buffer[(2 + (2 * i)) as usize] as u16)
+            {
+                return Ok(()); // register already in list
+            }
+        }
+
+        if number_of_registers < MAX_NUMBER_REGS_IN_RETENTION {
+            buffer[0] += 1; // increment number of registers
+
+            buffer[(1 + (2 * number_of_registers)) as usize] = ((register_address >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8;
+            buffer[(2 + (2 * number_of_registers)) as usize] = (register_address & 0xFF) as u8;
+            self.brd_write_registers(Register::RetentionList, &buffer).await?;
+
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(RadioError::RetentionListExceeded)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_lora_time_on_air_numerator(
+        spreading_factor: SpreadingFactor,
+        bandwidth: Bandwidth,
+        coding_rate: CodingRate,
+        preamble_length: u16,
+        fixed_len: bool,
+        payload_len: u8,
+        crc_on: bool,
+    ) -> u32 {
+        let cell_denominator;
+        let cr_denominator = (coding_rate.value() as i32) + 4;
+
+        // Ensure that the preamble length is at least 12 symbols when using SF5 or SF6
+        let mut preamble_length_final = preamble_length;
+        if ((spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_5) || (spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_6))
+            && (preamble_length < 12)
+        {
+            preamble_length_final = 12;
+        }
+
+        let mut low_data_rate_optimize = false;
+        if (((spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_11) || (spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_12))
+            && (bandwidth == Bandwidth::_125KHz))
+            || ((spreading_factor == SpreadingFactor::_12) && (bandwidth == Bandwidth::_250KHz))
+        {
+            low_data_rate_optimize = true;
+        }
+
+        let mut cell_numerator = ((payload_len as i32) << 3) + (if crc_on { 16 } else { 0 })
+            - (4 * spreading_factor.value() as i32)
+            + (if fixed_len { 0 } else { 20 });
+
+        if spreading_factor.value() <= 6 {
+            cell_denominator = 4 * (spreading_factor.value() as i32);
+        } else {
+            cell_numerator += 8;
+            if low_data_rate_optimize {
+                cell_denominator = 4 * ((spreading_factor.value() as i32) - 2);
+            } else {
+                cell_denominator = 4 * (spreading_factor.value() as i32);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if cell_numerator < 0 {
+            cell_numerator = 0;
+        }
+
+        let mut intermediate: i32 = (((cell_numerator + cell_denominator - 1) / cell_denominator) * cr_denominator)
+            + (preamble_length_final as i32)
+            + 12;
+
+        if spreading_factor.value() <= 6 {
+            intermediate = intermediate + 2;
+        }
+
+        (((4 * intermediate) + 1) * (1 << (spreading_factor.value() - 2))) as u32
+    }
+}

embassy-lora/src/sx126x/sx126x_lora/mod_params.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+use core::fmt::Debug;
+
+use lorawan_device::async_device::radio as device;
+
+#[allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "defmt", derive(defmt::Format))]
+pub enum RadioError<BUS> {
+    SPI(BUS),
+    CS,
+    Reset,
+    AntRx,
+    AntTx,
+    Busy,
+    DIO1,
+    PayloadSizeMismatch(usize, usize),
+    RetentionListExceeded,
+    InvalidBandwidth,
+    ModulationParamsMissing,
+    PacketParamsMissing,
+    HeaderError,
+    CRCErrorUnexpected,
+    CRCErrorOnReceive,
+    TransmitTimeout,
+    ReceiveTimeout,
+    TimeoutUnexpected,
+    TransmitDoneUnexpected,
+    ReceiveDoneUnexpected,
+    CADUnexpected,
+}
+
+pub struct RadioSystemError {
+    pub rc_64khz_calibration: bool,
+    pub rc_13mhz_calibration: bool,
+    pub pll_calibration: bool,
+    pub adc_calibration: bool,
+    pub image_calibration: bool,
+    pub xosc_start: bool,
+    pub pll_lock: bool,
+    pub pa_ramp: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub enum PacketType {
+    GFSK = 0x00,
+    LoRa = 0x01,
+    None = 0x0F,
+}
+
+impl PacketType {
+    pub const fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+    pub fn to_enum(value: u8) -> Self {
+        if value == 0x00 {
+            PacketType::GFSK
+        } else if value == 0x01 {
+            PacketType::LoRa
+        } else {
+            PacketType::None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct PacketStatus {
+    pub rssi: i8,
+    pub snr: i8,
+    pub signal_rssi: i8,
+    pub freq_error: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub enum RadioType {
+    SX1261,
+    SX1262,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub enum RadioMode {
+    Sleep = 0x00,                    // sleep mode
+    StandbyRC = 0x01,                // standby mode with RC oscillator
+    StandbyXOSC = 0x02,              // standby mode with XOSC oscillator
+    FrequencySynthesis = 0x03,       // frequency synthesis mode
+    Transmit = 0x04,                 // transmit mode
+    Receive = 0x05,                  // receive mode
+    ReceiveDutyCycle = 0x06,         // receive duty cycle mode
+    ChannelActivityDetection = 0x07, // channel activity detection mode
+}
+
+impl RadioMode {
+    /// Returns the value of the mode.
+    pub const fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+    pub fn to_enum(value: u8) -> Self {
+        if value == 0x00 {
+            RadioMode::Sleep
+        } else if value == 0x01 {
+            RadioMode::StandbyRC
+        } else if value == 0x02 {
+            RadioMode::StandbyXOSC
+        } else if value == 0x03 {
+            RadioMode::FrequencySynthesis
+        } else if value == 0x04 {
+            RadioMode::Transmit
+        } else if value == 0x05 {
+            RadioMode::Receive
+        } else if value == 0x06 {
+            RadioMode::ReceiveDutyCycle
+        } else if value == 0x07 {
+            RadioMode::ChannelActivityDetection
+        } else {
+            RadioMode::Sleep
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum RadioState {
+    Idle = 0x00,
+    RxRunning = 0x01,
+    TxRunning = 0x02,
+    ChannelActivityDetecting = 0x03,
+}
+
+impl RadioState {
+    /// Returns the value of the state.
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RadioStatus {
+    pub cmd_status: u8,
+    pub chip_mode: u8,
+}
+
+impl RadioStatus {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        (self.chip_mode << 4) | (self.cmd_status << 1)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum IrqMask {
+    None = 0x0000,
+    TxDone = 0x0001,
+    RxDone = 0x0002,
+    PreambleDetected = 0x0004,
+    SyncwordValid = 0x0008,
+    HeaderValid = 0x0010,
+    HeaderError = 0x0020,
+    CRCError = 0x0040,
+    CADDone = 0x0080,
+    CADActivityDetected = 0x0100,
+    RxTxTimeout = 0x0200,
+    All = 0xFFFF,
+}
+
+impl IrqMask {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u16 {
+        self as u16
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum Register {
+    PacketParams = 0x0704,          // packet configuration
+    PayloadLength = 0x0702,         // payload size
+    SynchTimeout = 0x0706,          // recalculated number of symbols
+    Syncword = 0x06C0,              // Syncword values
+    LoRaSyncword = 0x0740,          // LoRa Syncword value
+    GeneratedRandomNumber = 0x0819, //32-bit generated random number
+    AnaLNA = 0x08E2,                // disable the LNA
+    AnaMixer = 0x08E5,              // disable the mixer
+    RxGain = 0x08AC,                // RX gain (0x94: power saving, 0x96: rx boosted)
+    XTATrim = 0x0911,               // device internal trimming capacitor
+    OCP = 0x08E7,                   // over current protection max value
+    RetentionList = 0x029F,         // retention list
+    IQPolarity = 0x0736,            // optimize the inverted IQ operation (see DS_SX1261-2_V1.2 datasheet chapter 15.4)
+    TxModulation = 0x0889, // modulation quality with 500 kHz LoRa Bandwidth (see DS_SX1261-2_V1.2 datasheet chapter 15.1)
+    TxClampCfg = 0x08D8,   // better resistance to antenna mismatch (see DS_SX1261-2_V1.2 datasheet chapter 15.2)
+    RTCCtrl = 0x0902,      // RTC control
+    EvtClr = 0x0944,       // event clear
+}
+
+impl Register {
+    pub fn addr(self) -> u16 {
+        self as u16
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub enum OpCode {
+    GetStatus = 0xC0,
+    WriteRegister = 0x0D,
+    ReadRegister = 0x1D,
+    WriteBuffer = 0x0E,
+    ReadBuffer = 0x1E,
+    SetSleep = 0x84,
+    SetStandby = 0x80,
+    SetFS = 0xC1,
+    SetTx = 0x83,
+    SetRx = 0x82,
+    SetRxDutyCycle = 0x94,
+    SetCAD = 0xC5,
+    SetTxContinuousWave = 0xD1,
+    SetTxContinuousPremable = 0xD2,
+    SetPacketType = 0x8A,
+    GetPacketType = 0x11,
+    SetRFFrequency = 0x86,
+    SetTxParams = 0x8E,
+    SetPAConfig = 0x95,
+    SetCADParams = 0x88,
+    SetBufferBaseAddress = 0x8F,
+    SetModulationParams = 0x8B,
+    SetPacketParams = 0x8C,
+    GetRxBufferStatus = 0x13,
+    GetPacketStatus = 0x14,
+    GetRSSIInst = 0x15,
+    GetStats = 0x10,
+    ResetStats = 0x00,
+    CfgDIOIrq = 0x08,
+    GetIrqStatus = 0x12,
+    ClrIrqStatus = 0x02,
+    Calibrate = 0x89,
+    CalibrateImage = 0x98,
+    SetRegulatorMode = 0x96,
+    GetErrors = 0x17,
+    ClrErrors = 0x07,
+    SetTCXOMode = 0x97,
+    SetTxFallbackMode = 0x93,
+    SetRFSwitchMode = 0x9D,
+    SetStopRxTimerOnPreamble = 0x9F,
+    SetLoRaSymbTimeout = 0xA0,
+}
+
+impl OpCode {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SleepParams {
+    pub wakeup_rtc: bool, // get out of sleep mode if wakeup signal received from RTC
+    pub reset: bool,
+    pub warm_start: bool,
+}
+
+impl SleepParams {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        ((self.warm_start as u8) << 2) | ((self.reset as u8) << 1) | (self.wakeup_rtc as u8)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub enum StandbyMode {
+    RC = 0x00,
+    XOSC = 0x01,
+}
+
+impl StandbyMode {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum RegulatorMode {
+    UseLDO = 0x00,
+    UseDCDC = 0x01,
+}
+
+impl RegulatorMode {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct CalibrationParams {
+    pub rc64k_enable: bool,     // calibrate RC64K clock
+    pub rc13m_enable: bool,     // calibrate RC13M clock
+    pub pll_enable: bool,       // calibrate PLL
+    pub adc_pulse_enable: bool, // calibrate ADC Pulse
+    pub adc_bulkn_enable: bool, // calibrate ADC bulkN
+    pub adc_bulkp_enable: bool, // calibrate ADC bulkP
+    pub img_enable: bool,
+}
+
+impl CalibrationParams {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        ((self.img_enable as u8) << 6)
+            | ((self.adc_bulkp_enable as u8) << 5)
+            | ((self.adc_bulkn_enable as u8) << 4)
+            | ((self.adc_pulse_enable as u8) << 3)
+            | ((self.pll_enable as u8) << 2)
+            | ((self.rc13m_enable as u8) << 1)
+            | ((self.rc64k_enable as u8) << 0)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum TcxoCtrlVoltage {
+    Ctrl1V6 = 0x00,
+    Ctrl1V7 = 0x01,
+    Ctrl1V8 = 0x02,
+    Ctrl2V2 = 0x03,
+    Ctrl2V4 = 0x04,
+    Ctrl2V7 = 0x05,
+    Ctrl3V0 = 0x06,
+    Ctrl3V3 = 0x07,
+}
+
+impl TcxoCtrlVoltage {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum RampTime {
+    Ramp10Us = 0x00,
+    Ramp20Us = 0x01,
+    Ramp40Us = 0x02,
+    Ramp80Us = 0x03,
+    Ramp200Us = 0x04,
+    Ramp800Us = 0x05,
+    Ramp1700Us = 0x06,
+    Ramp3400Us = 0x07,
+}
+
+impl RampTime {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub enum SpreadingFactor {
+    _5 = 0x05,
+    _6 = 0x06,
+    _7 = 0x07,
+    _8 = 0x08,
+    _9 = 0x09,
+    _10 = 0x0A,
+    _11 = 0x0B,
+    _12 = 0x0C,
+}
+
+impl SpreadingFactor {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<device::SpreadingFactor> for SpreadingFactor {
+    fn from(sf: device::SpreadingFactor) -> Self {
+        match sf {
+            device::SpreadingFactor::_7 => SpreadingFactor::_7,
+            device::SpreadingFactor::_8 => SpreadingFactor::_8,
+            device::SpreadingFactor::_9 => SpreadingFactor::_9,
+            device::SpreadingFactor::_10 => SpreadingFactor::_10,
+            device::SpreadingFactor::_11 => SpreadingFactor::_11,
+            device::SpreadingFactor::_12 => SpreadingFactor::_12,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Bandwidth {
+    _500KHz = 0x06,
+    _250KHz = 0x05,
+    _125KHz = 0x04,
+}
+
+impl Bandwidth {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+
+    pub fn value_in_hz(self) -> u32 {
+        match self {
+            Bandwidth::_125KHz => 125000u32,
+            Bandwidth::_250KHz => 250000u32,
+            Bandwidth::_500KHz => 500000u32,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<device::Bandwidth> for Bandwidth {
+    fn from(bw: device::Bandwidth) -> Self {
+        match bw {
+            device::Bandwidth::_500KHz => Bandwidth::_500KHz,
+            device::Bandwidth::_250KHz => Bandwidth::_250KHz,
+            device::Bandwidth::_125KHz => Bandwidth::_125KHz,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum CodingRate {
+    _4_5 = 0x01,
+    _4_6 = 0x02,
+    _4_7 = 0x03,
+    _4_8 = 0x04,
+}
+
+impl CodingRate {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<device::CodingRate> for CodingRate {
+    fn from(cr: device::CodingRate) -> Self {
+        match cr {
+            device::CodingRate::_4_5 => CodingRate::_4_5,
+            device::CodingRate::_4_6 => CodingRate::_4_6,
+            device::CodingRate::_4_7 => CodingRate::_4_7,
+            device::CodingRate::_4_8 => CodingRate::_4_8,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ModulationParams {
+    pub spreading_factor: SpreadingFactor,
+    pub bandwidth: Bandwidth,
+    pub coding_rate: CodingRate,
+    pub low_data_rate_optimize: u8,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct PacketParams {
+    pub preamble_length: u16,  // number of LoRa symbols in the preamble
+    pub implicit_header: bool, // if the header is explicit, it will be transmitted in the LoRa packet, but is not transmitted if the header is implicit (known fixed length)
+    pub payload_length: u8,
+    pub crc_on: bool,
+    pub iq_inverted: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum CADSymbols {
+    _1 = 0x00,
+    _2 = 0x01,
+    _4 = 0x02,
+    _8 = 0x03,
+    _16 = 0x04,
+}
+
+impl CADSymbols {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum CADExitMode {
+    CADOnly = 0x00,
+    CADRx = 0x01,
+    CADLBT = 0x10,
+}
+
+impl CADExitMode {
+    pub fn value(self) -> u8 {
+        self as u8
+    }
+}

embassy-lora/src/sx126x/sx126x_lora/subroutine.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,688 @@
+use embedded_hal::digital::v2::OutputPin;
+use embedded_hal_async::digital::Wait;
+use embedded_hal_async::spi::SpiBus;
+
+use super::mod_params::*;
+use super::LoRa;
+
+// Internal frequency of the radio
+const SX126X_XTAL_FREQ: u32 = 32000000;
+
+// Scaling factor used to perform fixed-point operations
+const SX126X_PLL_STEP_SHIFT_AMOUNT: u32 = 14;
+
+// PLL step - scaled with SX126X_PLL_STEP_SHIFT_AMOUNT
+const SX126X_PLL_STEP_SCALED: u32 = SX126X_XTAL_FREQ >> (25 - SX126X_PLL_STEP_SHIFT_AMOUNT);
+
+// Maximum value for parameter symbNum
+const SX126X_MAX_LORA_SYMB_NUM_TIMEOUT: u8 = 248;
+
+// Provides board-specific functionality for Semtech SX126x-based boards
+
+impl<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT, BUS> LoRa<SPI, CS, RESET, ANTRX, ANTTX, WAIT>
+where
+    SPI: SpiBus<u8, Error = BUS>,
+    CS: OutputPin,
+    RESET: OutputPin,
+    ANTRX: OutputPin,
+    ANTTX: OutputPin,
+    WAIT: Wait,
+{
+    // Initialize the radio driver
+    pub(super) async fn sub_init(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_reset().await?;
+        self.brd_wakeup().await?;
+        self.sub_set_standby(StandbyMode::RC).await?;
+        self.brd_io_tcxo_init().await?;
+        self.brd_io_rf_switch_init().await?;
+        self.image_calibrated = false;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Wakeup the radio if it is in Sleep mode and check that Busy is low
+    pub(super) async fn sub_check_device_ready(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let operating_mode = self.brd_get_operating_mode();
+        if operating_mode == RadioMode::Sleep || operating_mode == RadioMode::ReceiveDutyCycle {
+            self.brd_wakeup().await?;
+            self.brd_ant_sw_on().await?;
+        }
+        self.brd_wait_on_busy().await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Save the payload to be sent in the radio buffer
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_payload(&mut self, payload: &[u8]) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_buffer(0x00, payload).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Read the payload received.
+    pub(super) async fn sub_get_payload(&mut self, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<u8, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let (size, offset) = self.sub_get_rx_buffer_status().await?;
+        if (size as usize) > buffer.len() {
+            Err(RadioError::PayloadSizeMismatch(size as usize, buffer.len()))
+        } else {
+            self.brd_read_buffer(offset, buffer).await?;
+            Ok(size)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Send a payload
+    pub(super) async fn sub_send_payload(&mut self, payload: &[u8], timeout: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.sub_set_payload(payload).await?;
+        self.sub_set_tx(timeout).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Get a 32-bit random value generated by the radio.  A valid packet type must have been configured before using this command.
+    //
+    // The radio must be in reception mode before executing this function.  This code can potentially result in interrupt generation. It is the responsibility of
+    // the calling code to disable radio interrupts before calling this function, and re-enable them afterwards if necessary, or be certain that any interrupts
+    // generated during this process will not cause undesired side-effects in the software.
+    //
+    // The random numbers produced by the generator do not have a uniform or Gaussian distribution. If uniformity is needed, perform appropriate software post-processing.
+    pub(super) async fn sub_get_random(&mut self) -> Result<u32, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut reg_ana_lna_buffer_original = [0x00u8];
+        let mut reg_ana_mixer_buffer_original = [0x00u8];
+        let mut reg_ana_lna_buffer = [0x00u8];
+        let mut reg_ana_mixer_buffer = [0x00u8];
+        let mut number_buffer = [0x00u8, 0x00u8, 0x00u8, 0x00u8];
+
+        self.brd_read_registers(Register::AnaLNA, &mut reg_ana_lna_buffer_original)
+            .await?;
+        reg_ana_lna_buffer[0] = reg_ana_lna_buffer_original[0] & (!(1 << 0));
+        self.brd_write_registers(Register::AnaLNA, &reg_ana_lna_buffer).await?;
+
+        self.brd_read_registers(Register::AnaMixer, &mut reg_ana_mixer_buffer_original)
+            .await?;
+        reg_ana_mixer_buffer[0] = reg_ana_mixer_buffer_original[0] & (!(1 << 7));
+        self.brd_write_registers(Register::AnaMixer, &reg_ana_mixer_buffer)
+            .await?;
+
+        // Set radio in continuous reception
+        self.sub_set_rx(0xFFFFFFu32).await?;
+
+        self.brd_read_registers(Register::GeneratedRandomNumber, &mut number_buffer)
+            .await?;
+
+        self.sub_set_standby(StandbyMode::RC).await?;
+
+        self.brd_write_registers(Register::AnaLNA, &reg_ana_lna_buffer_original)
+            .await?;
+        self.brd_write_registers(Register::AnaMixer, &reg_ana_mixer_buffer_original)
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(Self::convert_u8_buffer_to_u32(&number_buffer))
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio in sleep mode
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_sleep(&mut self, sleep_config: SleepParams) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_ant_sw_off().await?;
+
+        let _fix_rx = self.antenna_rx.set_low();
+        let _fix_tx = self.antenna_tx.set_low();
+
+        if !sleep_config.warm_start {
+            self.image_calibrated = false;
+        }
+
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetSleep, &[sleep_config.value()])
+            .await?;
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::Sleep);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio in configuration mode
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_standby(&mut self, mode: StandbyMode) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetStandby, &[mode.value()]).await?;
+        if mode == StandbyMode::RC {
+            self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::StandbyRC);
+        } else {
+            self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::StandbyXOSC);
+        }
+
+        let _fix_rx = self.antenna_rx.set_low();
+        let _fix_tx = self.antenna_tx.set_low();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio in FS mode
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_fs(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        // antenna settings ???
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetFS, &[]).await?;
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::FrequencySynthesis);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio in transmission mode with timeout specified
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_tx(&mut self, timeout: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let buffer = [
+            Self::timeout_1(timeout),
+            Self::timeout_2(timeout),
+            Self::timeout_3(timeout),
+        ];
+
+        let _fix_rx = self.antenna_rx.set_low();
+        let _fix_tx = self.antenna_tx.set_high();
+
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::Transmit);
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetTx, &buffer).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio in reception mode with timeout specified
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_rx(&mut self, timeout: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let buffer = [
+            Self::timeout_1(timeout),
+            Self::timeout_2(timeout),
+            Self::timeout_3(timeout),
+        ];
+
+        let _fix_rx = self.antenna_rx.set_high();
+        let _fix_tx = self.antenna_tx.set_low();
+
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::Receive);
+        self.brd_write_registers(Register::RxGain, &[0x94u8]).await?;
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetRx, &buffer).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio in reception mode with Boosted LNA gain and timeout specified
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_rx_boosted(&mut self, timeout: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let buffer = [
+            Self::timeout_1(timeout),
+            Self::timeout_2(timeout),
+            Self::timeout_3(timeout),
+        ];
+
+        let _fix_rx = self.antenna_rx.set_high();
+        let _fix_tx = self.antenna_tx.set_low();
+
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::Receive);
+        // set max LNA gain, increase current by ~2mA for around ~3dB in sensitivity
+        self.brd_write_registers(Register::RxGain, &[0x96u8]).await?;
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetRx, &buffer).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the Rx duty cycle management parameters
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_rx_duty_cycle(&mut self, rx_time: u32, sleep_time: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let buffer = [
+            ((rx_time >> 16) & 0xFF) as u8,
+            ((rx_time >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8,
+            (rx_time & 0xFF) as u8,
+            ((sleep_time >> 16) & 0xFF) as u8,
+            ((sleep_time >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8,
+            (sleep_time & 0xFF) as u8,
+        ];
+
+        // antenna settings ???
+
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetRxDutyCycle, &buffer).await?;
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::ReceiveDutyCycle);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio in CAD mode
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_cad(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let _fix_rx = self.antenna_rx.set_high();
+        let _fix_tx = self.antenna_tx.set_low();
+
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetCAD, &[]).await?;
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::ChannelActivityDetection);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio in continuous wave transmission mode
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_tx_continuous_wave(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let _fix_rx = self.antenna_rx.set_low();
+        let _fix_tx = self.antenna_tx.set_high();
+
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetTxContinuousWave, &[]).await?;
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::Transmit);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio in continuous preamble transmission mode
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_tx_infinite_preamble(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let _fix_rx = self.antenna_rx.set_low();
+        let _fix_tx = self.antenna_tx.set_high();
+
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetTxContinuousPremable, &[]).await?;
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::Transmit);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Decide which interrupt will stop the internal radio rx timer.
+    //   false     timer stop after header/syncword detection
+    //   true      timer stop after preamble detection
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_stop_rx_timer_on_preamble_detect(
+        &mut self,
+        enable: bool,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetStopRxTimerOnPreamble, &[enable as u8])
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the number of symbols the radio will wait to validate a reception
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_lora_symb_num_timeout(&mut self, symb_num: u16) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut exp = 0u8;
+        let mut reg;
+        let mut mant = ((core::cmp::min(symb_num, SX126X_MAX_LORA_SYMB_NUM_TIMEOUT as u16) as u8) + 1) >> 1;
+        while mant > 31 {
+            mant = (mant + 3) >> 2;
+            exp += 1;
+        }
+        reg = mant << ((2 * exp) + 1);
+
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetLoRaSymbTimeout, &[reg]).await?;
+
+        if symb_num != 0 {
+            reg = exp + (mant << 3);
+            self.brd_write_registers(Register::SynchTimeout, &[reg]).await?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the power regulators operating mode (LDO or DC_DC).  Using only LDO implies that the Rx or Tx current is doubled
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_regulator_mode(&mut self, mode: RegulatorMode) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetRegulatorMode, &[mode.value()])
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Calibrate the given radio block
+    pub(super) async fn sub_calibrate(&mut self, calibrate_params: CalibrationParams) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::Calibrate, &[calibrate_params.value()])
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Calibrate the image rejection based on the given frequency
+    pub(super) async fn sub_calibrate_image(&mut self, freq: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut cal_freq = [0x00u8, 0x00u8];
+
+        if freq > 900000000 {
+            cal_freq[0] = 0xE1;
+            cal_freq[1] = 0xE9;
+        } else if freq > 850000000 {
+            cal_freq[0] = 0xD7;
+            cal_freq[1] = 0xDB;
+        } else if freq > 770000000 {
+            cal_freq[0] = 0xC1;
+            cal_freq[1] = 0xC5;
+        } else if freq > 460000000 {
+            cal_freq[0] = 0x75;
+            cal_freq[1] = 0x81;
+        } else if freq > 425000000 {
+            cal_freq[0] = 0x6B;
+            cal_freq[1] = 0x6F;
+        }
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::CalibrateImage, &cal_freq).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Activate the extention of the timeout when a long preamble is used
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_long_preamble(&mut self, _enable: u8) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        Ok(()) // no operation currently
+    }
+
+    // Set the transmission parameters
+    //   hp_max          0 for sx1261, 7 for sx1262
+    //   device_sel      1 for sx1261, 0 for sx1262
+    //   pa_lut          0 for 14dBm LUT, 1 for 22dBm LUT
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_pa_config(
+        &mut self,
+        pa_duty_cycle: u8,
+        hp_max: u8,
+        device_sel: u8,
+        pa_lut: u8,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetPAConfig, &[pa_duty_cycle, hp_max, device_sel, pa_lut])
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Define into which mode the chip goes after a TX / RX done
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_rx_tx_fallback_mode(&mut self, fallback_mode: u8) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetTxFallbackMode, &[fallback_mode])
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the IRQ mask and DIO masks
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_dio_irq_params(
+        &mut self,
+        irq_mask: u16,
+        dio1_mask: u16,
+        dio2_mask: u16,
+        dio3_mask: u16,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut buffer = [0x00u8; 8];
+
+        buffer[0] = ((irq_mask >> 8) & 0x00FF) as u8;
+        buffer[1] = (irq_mask & 0x00FF) as u8;
+        buffer[2] = ((dio1_mask >> 8) & 0x00FF) as u8;
+        buffer[3] = (dio1_mask & 0x00FF) as u8;
+        buffer[4] = ((dio2_mask >> 8) & 0x00FF) as u8;
+        buffer[5] = (dio2_mask & 0x00FF) as u8;
+        buffer[6] = ((dio3_mask >> 8) & 0x00FF) as u8;
+        buffer[7] = (dio3_mask & 0x00FF) as u8;
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::CfgDIOIrq, &buffer).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Return the current IRQ status
+    pub(super) async fn sub_get_irq_status(&mut self) -> Result<u16, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut irq_status = [0x00u8, 0x00u8];
+        self.brd_read_command(OpCode::GetIrqStatus, &mut irq_status).await?;
+        Ok(((irq_status[0] as u16) << 8) | (irq_status[1] as u16))
+    }
+
+    // Indicate if DIO2 is used to control an RF Switch
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_dio2_as_rf_switch_ctrl(&mut self, enable: bool) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetRFSwitchMode, &[enable as u8]).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Indicate if the radio main clock is supplied from a TCXO
+    //   tcxo_voltage        voltage used to control the TCXO on/off from DIO3
+    //   timeout             duration given to the TCXO to go to 32MHz
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_dio3_as_tcxo_ctrl(
+        &mut self,
+        tcxo_voltage: TcxoCtrlVoltage,
+        timeout: u32,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let buffer = [
+            tcxo_voltage.value() & 0x07,
+            Self::timeout_1(timeout),
+            Self::timeout_2(timeout),
+            Self::timeout_3(timeout),
+        ];
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetTCXOMode, &buffer).await?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the RF frequency (Hz)
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_rf_frequency(&mut self, frequency: u32) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut buffer = [0x00u8; 4];
+
+        if !self.image_calibrated {
+            self.sub_calibrate_image(frequency).await?;
+            self.image_calibrated = true;
+        }
+
+        let freq_in_pll_steps = Self::convert_freq_in_hz_to_pll_step(frequency);
+
+        buffer[0] = ((freq_in_pll_steps >> 24) & 0xFF) as u8;
+        buffer[1] = ((freq_in_pll_steps >> 16) & 0xFF) as u8;
+        buffer[2] = ((freq_in_pll_steps >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8;
+        buffer[3] = (freq_in_pll_steps & 0xFF) as u8;
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetRFFrequency, &buffer).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the radio for the given protocol (LoRa or GFSK).  This method has to be called before setting RF frequency, modulation paramaters, and packet paramaters.
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_packet_type(&mut self, packet_type: PacketType) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.packet_type = packet_type;
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetPacketType, &[packet_type.value()])
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Get the current radio protocol (LoRa or GFSK)
+    pub(super) fn sub_get_packet_type(&mut self) -> PacketType {
+        self.packet_type
+    }
+
+    // Set the transmission parameters
+    //   power           RF output power [-18..13] dBm
+    //   ramp_time       transmission ramp up time
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_tx_params(
+        &mut self,
+        mut power: i8,
+        ramp_time: RampTime,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        if self.brd_get_radio_type() == RadioType::SX1261 {
+            if power == 15 {
+                self.sub_set_pa_config(0x06, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01).await?;
+            } else {
+                self.sub_set_pa_config(0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01).await?;
+            }
+
+            if power >= 14 {
+                power = 14;
+            } else if power < -17 {
+                power = -17;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Provide better resistance of the SX1262 Tx to antenna mismatch (see DS_SX1261-2_V1.2 datasheet chapter 15.2)
+            let mut tx_clamp_cfg = [0x00u8];
+            self.brd_read_registers(Register::TxClampCfg, &mut tx_clamp_cfg).await?;
+            tx_clamp_cfg[0] = tx_clamp_cfg[0] | (0x0F << 1);
+            self.brd_write_registers(Register::TxClampCfg, &tx_clamp_cfg).await?;
+
+            self.sub_set_pa_config(0x04, 0x07, 0x00, 0x01).await?;
+
+            if power > 22 {
+                power = 22;
+            } else if power < -9 {
+                power = -9;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // power conversion of negative number from i8 to u8 ???
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetTxParams, &[power as u8, ramp_time.value()])
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the modulation parameters
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_modulation_params(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        if self.modulation_params.is_some() {
+            let mut buffer = [0x00u8; 4];
+
+            // Since this driver only supports LoRa, ensure the packet type is set accordingly
+            self.sub_set_packet_type(PacketType::LoRa).await?;
+
+            let modulation_params = self.modulation_params.unwrap();
+            buffer[0] = modulation_params.spreading_factor.value();
+            buffer[1] = modulation_params.bandwidth.value();
+            buffer[2] = modulation_params.coding_rate.value();
+            buffer[3] = modulation_params.low_data_rate_optimize;
+
+            self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetModulationParams, &buffer).await?;
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(RadioError::ModulationParamsMissing)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Set the packet parameters
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_packet_params(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        if self.packet_params.is_some() {
+            let mut buffer = [0x00u8; 6];
+
+            // Since this driver only supports LoRa, ensure the packet type is set accordingly
+            self.sub_set_packet_type(PacketType::LoRa).await?;
+
+            let packet_params = self.packet_params.unwrap();
+            buffer[0] = ((packet_params.preamble_length >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8;
+            buffer[1] = (packet_params.preamble_length & 0xFF) as u8;
+            buffer[2] = packet_params.implicit_header as u8;
+            buffer[3] = packet_params.payload_length;
+            buffer[4] = packet_params.crc_on as u8;
+            buffer[5] = packet_params.iq_inverted as u8;
+
+            self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetPacketParams, &buffer).await?;
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(RadioError::PacketParamsMissing)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Set the channel activity detection (CAD) parameters
+    //   symbols            number of symbols to use for CAD operations
+    //   det_peak           limit for detection of SNR peak used in the CAD
+    //   det_min            minimum symbol recognition for CAD
+    //   exit_mode          operation to be done at the end of CAD action
+    //   timeout            timeout value to abort the CAD activity
+
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_cad_params(
+        &mut self,
+        symbols: CADSymbols,
+        det_peak: u8,
+        det_min: u8,
+        exit_mode: CADExitMode,
+        timeout: u32,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut buffer = [0x00u8; 7];
+
+        buffer[0] = symbols.value();
+        buffer[1] = det_peak;
+        buffer[2] = det_min;
+        buffer[3] = exit_mode.value();
+        buffer[4] = Self::timeout_1(timeout);
+        buffer[5] = Self::timeout_2(timeout);
+        buffer[6] = Self::timeout_3(timeout);
+
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetCADParams, &buffer).await?;
+        self.brd_set_operating_mode(RadioMode::ChannelActivityDetection);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Set the data buffer base address for transmission and reception
+    pub(super) async fn sub_set_buffer_base_address(
+        &mut self,
+        tx_base_address: u8,
+        rx_base_address: u8,
+    ) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::SetBufferBaseAddress, &[tx_base_address, rx_base_address])
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Get the current radio status
+    pub(super) async fn sub_get_status(&mut self) -> Result<RadioStatus, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let status = self.brd_read_command(OpCode::GetStatus, &mut []).await?;
+        Ok(RadioStatus {
+            cmd_status: (status & (0x07 << 1)) >> 1,
+            chip_mode: (status & (0x07 << 4)) >> 4,
+        })
+    }
+
+    // Get the instantaneous RSSI value for the last packet received
+    pub(super) async fn sub_get_rssi_inst(&mut self) -> Result<i8, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut buffer = [0x00u8];
+        self.brd_read_command(OpCode::GetRSSIInst, &mut buffer).await?;
+        let rssi: i8 = (-(buffer[0] as i8)) >> 1; // check this ???
+        Ok(rssi)
+    }
+
+    // Get the last received packet buffer status
+    pub(super) async fn sub_get_rx_buffer_status(&mut self) -> Result<(u8, u8), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        if self.packet_params.is_some() {
+            let mut status = [0x00u8; 2];
+            let mut payload_length_buffer = [0x00u8];
+
+            self.brd_read_command(OpCode::GetRxBufferStatus, &mut status).await?;
+            if (self.sub_get_packet_type() == PacketType::LoRa) && self.packet_params.unwrap().implicit_header {
+                self.brd_read_registers(Register::PayloadLength, &mut payload_length_buffer)
+                    .await?;
+            } else {
+                payload_length_buffer[0] = status[0];
+            }
+
+            let payload_length = payload_length_buffer[0];
+            let offset = status[1];
+
+            Ok((payload_length, offset))
+        } else {
+            Err(RadioError::PacketParamsMissing)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get the last received packet payload status
+    pub(super) async fn sub_get_packet_status(&mut self) -> Result<PacketStatus, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut status = [0x00u8; 3];
+        self.brd_read_command(OpCode::GetPacketStatus, &mut status).await?;
+
+        // check this ???
+        let rssi = (-(status[0] as i8)) >> 1;
+        let snr = ((status[1] as i8) + 2) >> 2;
+        let signal_rssi = (-(status[2] as i8)) >> 1;
+        let freq_error = self.frequency_error;
+
+        Ok(PacketStatus {
+            rssi,
+            snr,
+            signal_rssi,
+            freq_error,
+        })
+    }
+
+    // Get the possible system errors
+    pub(super) async fn sub_get_device_errors(&mut self) -> Result<RadioSystemError, RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut errors = [0x00u8; 2];
+        self.brd_read_command(OpCode::GetErrors, &mut errors).await?;
+
+        Ok(RadioSystemError {
+            rc_64khz_calibration: (errors[1] & (1 << 0)) != 0,
+            rc_13mhz_calibration: (errors[1] & (1 << 1)) != 0,
+            pll_calibration: (errors[1] & (1 << 2)) != 0,
+            adc_calibration: (errors[1] & (1 << 3)) != 0,
+            image_calibration: (errors[1] & (1 << 4)) != 0,
+            xosc_start: (errors[1] & (1 << 5)) != 0,
+            pll_lock: (errors[1] & (1 << 6)) != 0,
+            pa_ramp: (errors[0] & (1 << 0)) != 0,
+        })
+    }
+
+    // Clear all the errors in the device
+    pub(super) async fn sub_clear_device_errors(&mut self) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::ClrErrors, &[0x00u8, 0x00u8]).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Clear the IRQs
+    pub(super) async fn sub_clear_irq_status(&mut self, irq: u16) -> Result<(), RadioError<BUS>> {
+        let mut buffer = [0x00u8, 0x00u8];
+        buffer[0] = ((irq >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8;
+        buffer[1] = (irq & 0xFF) as u8;
+        self.brd_write_command(OpCode::ClrIrqStatus, &buffer).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // Utility functions
+
+    fn timeout_1(timeout: u32) -> u8 {
+        ((timeout >> 16) & 0xFF) as u8
+    }
+    fn timeout_2(timeout: u32) -> u8 {
+        ((timeout >> 8) & 0xFF) as u8
+    }
+    fn timeout_3(timeout: u32) -> u8 {
+        (timeout & 0xFF) as u8
+    }
+
+    // check this ???
+    fn convert_u8_buffer_to_u32(buffer: &[u8; 4]) -> u32 {
+        let b0 = buffer[0] as u32;
+        let b1 = buffer[1] as u32;
+        let b2 = buffer[2] as u32;
+        let b3 = buffer[3] as u32;
+        (b0 << 24) | (b1 << 16) | (b2 << 8) | b3
+    }
+
+    fn convert_freq_in_hz_to_pll_step(freq_in_hz: u32) -> u32 {
+        // Get integer and fractional parts of the frequency computed with a PLL step scaled value
+        let steps_int = freq_in_hz / SX126X_PLL_STEP_SCALED;
+        let steps_frac = freq_in_hz - (steps_int * SX126X_PLL_STEP_SCALED);
+
+        (steps_int << SX126X_PLL_STEP_SHIFT_AMOUNT)
+            + (((steps_frac << SX126X_PLL_STEP_SHIFT_AMOUNT) + (SX126X_PLL_STEP_SCALED >> 1)) / SX126X_PLL_STEP_SCALED)
+    }
+}

examples/nrf/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 
 [features]
 default = ["nightly"]
-nightly = ["embassy-executor/nightly", "embassy-nrf/nightly", "embassy-net/nightly", "embassy-nrf/unstable-traits", "embassy-usb", "embedded-io/async", "embassy-net"]
+nightly = ["embassy-executor/nightly", "embassy-nrf/nightly", "embassy-net/nightly", "embassy-nrf/unstable-traits", "embassy-usb", "embedded-io/async", "embassy-net",
+           "embassy-lora", "lorawan-device", "lorawan"]
 
 [dependencies]
 embassy-futures = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../../embassy-futures" }
@@ -16,6 +17,10 @@ embassy-nrf = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../../embassy-nrf", features = ["defm
 embassy-net = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../../embassy-net", features = ["defmt", "tcp", "dhcpv4", "medium-ethernet", "pool-16"], optional = true }
 embassy-usb = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../../embassy-usb", features = ["defmt"], optional = true }
 embedded-io = "0.3.0"
+embassy-lora = { version = "0.1.0", path = "../../embassy-lora", features = ["rak4631", "time", "defmt"], optional = true }
+
+lorawan-device = { version = "0.8.0", default-features = false, features = ["async"], optional = true }
+lorawan = { version = "0.7.1", default-features = false, features = ["default-crypto"], optional = true }
 
 defmt = "0.3"
 defmt-rtt = "0.3"

examples/nrf/src/bin/lora_p2p_report.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+//! This example runs on the RAK4631 WisBlock, which has an nRF52840 MCU and Semtech Sx126x radio.
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+#![macro_use]
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![feature(type_alias_impl_trait)]
+
+use defmt::*;
+use embassy_executor::Spawner;
+use embassy_lora::sx126x::*;
+use embassy_nrf::gpio::{Input, Level, Output, OutputDrive, Pin as _, Pull};
+use embassy_nrf::{interrupt, spim};
+use embassy_time::{Duration, Timer};
+use lorawan_device::async_device::radio::{Bandwidth, CodingRate, PhyRxTx, RfConfig, SpreadingFactor};
+use {defmt_rtt as _, panic_probe as _};
+
+#[embassy_executor::main]
+async fn main(_spawner: Spawner) {
+    let p = embassy_nrf::init(Default::default());
+    let mut spi_config = spim::Config::default();
+    spi_config.frequency = spim::Frequency::M1; // M16 ???
+
+    let mut radio = {
+        let irq = interrupt::take!(SPIM1_SPIS1_TWIM1_TWIS1_SPI1_TWI1);
+        let spim = spim::Spim::new(p.TWISPI1, irq, p.P1_11, p.P1_13, p.P1_12, spi_config);
+
+        let cs = Output::new(p.P1_10, Level::High, OutputDrive::Standard);
+        let reset = Output::new(p.P1_06, Level::High, OutputDrive::Standard);
+        let dio1 = Input::new(p.P1_15.degrade(), Pull::Down);
+        let busy = Input::new(p.P1_14.degrade(), Pull::Down);
+        let antenna_rx = Output::new(p.P1_05, Level::Low, OutputDrive::Standard);
+        let antenna_tx = Output::new(p.P1_07, Level::Low, OutputDrive::Standard);
+
+        match Sx126xRadio::new(spim, cs, reset, antenna_rx, antenna_tx, dio1, busy, false).await {
+            Ok(r) => r,
+            Err(err) => {
+                info!("Sx126xRadio error = {}", err);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    let mut debug_indicator = Output::new(p.P1_03, Level::Low, OutputDrive::Standard);
+    let mut start_indicator = Output::new(p.P1_04, Level::Low, OutputDrive::Standard);
+
+    start_indicator.set_high();
+    Timer::after(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
+    start_indicator.set_low();
+
+    match radio.lora.sleep().await {
+        Ok(()) => info!("Sleep successful"),
+        Err(err) => info!("Sleep unsuccessful = {}", err),
+    }
+
+    let rf_config = RfConfig {
+        frequency: 903900000, // channel in Hz
+        bandwidth: Bandwidth::_250KHz,
+        spreading_factor: SpreadingFactor::_10,
+        coding_rate: CodingRate::_4_8,
+    };
+
+    let mut buffer = [00u8; 100];
+
+    // P2P receive
+    match radio.rx(rf_config, &mut buffer).await {
+        Ok((buffer_len, rx_quality)) => info!(
+            "RX received = {:?} with length = {} rssi = {} snr = {}",
+            &buffer[0..buffer_len],
+            buffer_len,
+            rx_quality.rssi(),
+            rx_quality.snr()
+        ),
+        Err(err) => info!("RX error = {}", err),
+    }
+
+    match radio.lora.sleep().await {
+        Ok(()) => info!("Sleep successful"),
+        Err(err) => info!("Sleep unsuccessful = {}", err),
+    }
+
+    debug_indicator.set_high();
+    Timer::after(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
+    debug_indicator.set_low();
+}

examples/nrf/src/bin/lora_p2p_sense.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+//! This example runs on the RAK4631 WisBlock, which has an nRF52840 MCU and Semtech Sx126x radio.
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+#![macro_use]
+#![feature(type_alias_impl_trait)]
+#![feature(alloc_error_handler)]
+#![allow(incomplete_features)]
+
+use defmt::*;
+use embassy_executor::Spawner;
+use embassy_lora::sx126x::*;
+use embassy_nrf::gpio::{AnyPin, Input, Level, Output, OutputDrive, Pin as _, Pull};
+use embassy_nrf::temp::Temp;
+use embassy_nrf::{interrupt, spim};
+use embassy_sync::blocking_mutex::raw::CriticalSectionRawMutex;
+use embassy_sync::pubsub::{PubSubChannel, Publisher};
+use embassy_time::{Duration, Timer};
+use lorawan_device::async_device::radio::{Bandwidth, CodingRate, PhyRxTx, RfConfig, SpreadingFactor, TxConfig};
+use {defmt_rtt as _, panic_probe as _, panic_probe as _};
+
+// Sensor packet constants
+const TEMPERATURE_UID: u8 = 0x01;
+const MOTION_UID: u8 = 0x02;
+
+// Message bus: queue of 2, 1 subscriber (Lora P2P), 2 publishers (temperature, motion detection)
+static MESSAGE_BUS: PubSubChannel<CriticalSectionRawMutex, Message, 2, 1, 2> = PubSubChannel::new();
+
+#[derive(Clone, defmt::Format)]
+enum Message {
+    Temperature(i32),
+    MotionDetected,
+}
+
+#[embassy_executor::task]
+async fn temperature_task(
+    mut temperature: Temp<'static>,
+    publisher: Publisher<'static, CriticalSectionRawMutex, Message, 2, 1, 2>,
+) {
+    Timer::after(Duration::from_secs(45)).await; // stabilize for 45 seconds
+
+    let mut temperature_reporting_threshhold = 10;
+
+    loop {
+        let value = temperature.read().await;
+        let mut temperature_val = value.to_num::<i32>();
+
+        info!("Temperature: {}", temperature_val); // debug ???
+
+        // only report every 2 degree Celsius drops, from 9 through 5, but starting at 3 always report
+
+        if temperature_val == 8 || temperature_val == 6 || temperature_val == 4 {
+            temperature_val += 1;
+        }
+
+        if temperature_reporting_threshhold > temperature_val
+            && (temperature_val == 9 || temperature_val == 7 || temperature_val == 5)
+        {
+            temperature_reporting_threshhold = temperature_val;
+            publisher.publish(Message::Temperature(temperature_val)).await;
+        } else if temperature_val <= 3 {
+            publisher.publish(Message::Temperature(temperature_val)).await;
+        }
+
+        Timer::after(Duration::from_secs(20 * 60)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+#[embassy_executor::task]
+async fn motion_detection_task(
+    mut pir_pin: Input<'static, AnyPin>,
+    publisher: Publisher<'static, CriticalSectionRawMutex, Message, 2, 1, 2>,
+) {
+    Timer::after(Duration::from_secs(30)).await; // stabilize for 30 seconds
+
+    loop {
+        // wait for motion detection
+        pir_pin.wait_for_low().await;
+        publisher.publish(Message::MotionDetected).await;
+
+        // wait a minute before setting up for more motion detection
+        Timer::after(Duration::from_secs(60)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+#[embassy_executor::main]
+async fn main(spawner: Spawner) {
+    let p = embassy_nrf::init(Default::default());
+    // set up to funnel temperature and motion detection events to the Lora Tx task
+    let mut lora_tx_subscriber = unwrap!(MESSAGE_BUS.subscriber());
+    let temperature_publisher = unwrap!(MESSAGE_BUS.publisher());
+    let motion_detection_publisher = unwrap!(MESSAGE_BUS.publisher());
+
+    let mut spi_config = spim::Config::default();
+    spi_config.frequency = spim::Frequency::M1; // M16 ???
+
+    let mut radio = {
+        let irq = interrupt::take!(SPIM1_SPIS1_TWIM1_TWIS1_SPI1_TWI1);
+        let spim = spim::Spim::new(p.TWISPI1, irq, p.P1_11, p.P1_13, p.P1_12, spi_config);
+
+        let cs = Output::new(p.P1_10, Level::High, OutputDrive::Standard);
+        let reset = Output::new(p.P1_06, Level::High, OutputDrive::Standard);
+        let dio1 = Input::new(p.P1_15.degrade(), Pull::Down);
+        let busy = Input::new(p.P1_14.degrade(), Pull::Down);
+        let antenna_rx = Output::new(p.P1_05, Level::Low, OutputDrive::Standard);
+        let antenna_tx = Output::new(p.P1_07, Level::Low, OutputDrive::Standard);
+
+        match Sx126xRadio::new(spim, cs, reset, antenna_rx, antenna_tx, dio1, busy, false).await {
+            Ok(r) => r,
+            Err(err) => {
+                info!("Sx126xRadio error = {}", err);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // set up for the temperature task
+    let temperature_irq = interrupt::take!(TEMP);
+    let temperature = Temp::new(p.TEMP, temperature_irq);
+
+    // set the motion detection pin
+    let pir_pin = Input::new(p.P0_10.degrade(), Pull::Up);
+
+    let mut start_indicator = Output::new(p.P1_04, Level::Low, OutputDrive::Standard);
+    let mut debug_indicator = Output::new(p.P1_03, Level::Low, OutputDrive::Standard);
+
+    start_indicator.set_high();
+    Timer::after(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
+    start_indicator.set_low();
+
+    match radio.lora.sleep().await {
+        Ok(()) => info!("Sleep successful"),
+        Err(err) => info!("Sleep unsuccessful = {}", err),
+    }
+
+    unwrap!(spawner.spawn(temperature_task(temperature, temperature_publisher)));
+    unwrap!(spawner.spawn(motion_detection_task(pir_pin, motion_detection_publisher)));
+
+    loop {
+        let message = lora_tx_subscriber.next_message_pure().await;
+
+        let tx_config = TxConfig {
+            // 11 byte maximum payload for Bandwidth 125 and SF 10
+            pw: 20, // up to 20 // 5 ???
+            rf: RfConfig {
+                frequency: 903900000, // channel in Hz, not MHz
+                bandwidth: Bandwidth::_250KHz,
+                spreading_factor: SpreadingFactor::_10,
+                coding_rate: CodingRate::_4_8,
+            },
+        };
+
+        let mut buffer = [TEMPERATURE_UID, 0xffu8, MOTION_UID, 0x00u8];
+        match message {
+            Message::Temperature(temperature) => buffer[1] = temperature as u8,
+            Message::MotionDetected => buffer[3] = 0x01u8,
+        };
+
+        // crypto for text ???
+        match radio.tx(tx_config, &buffer).await {
+            Ok(ret_val) => info!("TX ret_val = {}", ret_val),
+            Err(err) => info!("TX error = {}", err),
+        }
+
+        match radio.lora.sleep().await {
+            Ok(()) => info!("Sleep successful"),
+            Err(err) => info!("Sleep unsuccessful = {}", err),
+        }
+
+        debug_indicator.set_high();
+        Timer::after(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
+        debug_indicator.set_low();
+    }
+}