Allow texture arrays to use separate descriptor sets on Vulkan (#6870)

* Report base and extra sets from the backend

* Pass texture set index everywhere

* Key textures using set and binding (rather than just binding)

* Start using extra sets for array textures

* Shader cache version bump

* Separate new commands, some PR feedback

* Introduce new manual descriptor set reservation method that prevents it from being used by something else while owned by an array

* Move bind extra sets logic to new method

* Should only use separate array is MaximumExtraSets is not zero

* Format whitespace

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Capabilities.cs

@@ -51,6 +51,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsIndirectParameters;
         public readonly bool SupportsDepthClipControl;
 
+        public readonly int UniformBufferSetIndex;
+        public readonly int StorageBufferSetIndex;
+        public readonly int TextureSetIndex;
+        public readonly int ImageSetIndex;
+        public readonly int ExtraSetBaseIndex;
+        public readonly int MaximumExtraSets;
+
         public readonly uint MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage;
         public readonly uint MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage;
         public readonly uint MaximumTexturesPerStage;
@@ -109,6 +116,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supportsViewportSwizzle,
             bool supportsIndirectParameters,
             bool supportsDepthClipControl,
+            int uniformBufferSetIndex,
+            int storageBufferSetIndex,
+            int textureSetIndex,
+            int imageSetIndex,
+            int extraSetBaseIndex,
+            int maximumExtraSets,
             uint maximumUniformBuffersPerStage,
             uint maximumStorageBuffersPerStage,
             uint maximumTexturesPerStage,
@@ -164,6 +177,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             SupportsViewportSwizzle = supportsViewportSwizzle;
             SupportsIndirectParameters = supportsIndirectParameters;
             SupportsDepthClipControl = supportsDepthClipControl;
+            UniformBufferSetIndex = uniformBufferSetIndex;
+            StorageBufferSetIndex = storageBufferSetIndex;
+            TextureSetIndex = textureSetIndex;
+            ImageSetIndex = imageSetIndex;
+            ExtraSetBaseIndex = extraSetBaseIndex;
+            MaximumExtraSets = maximumExtraSets;
             MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage = maximumUniformBuffersPerStage;
             MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage = maximumStorageBuffersPerStage;
             MaximumTexturesPerStage = maximumTexturesPerStage;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IPipeline.cs

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, Format imageFormat);
         void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array);
+        void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array);
 
         void SetLineParameters(float width, bool smooth);
 
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, ISampler sampler);
         void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array);
+        void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array);
 
         void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers);
         void SetUniformBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandHelper.cs

@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetUniformBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetUniformBuffers);
             Register<SetImageCommand>(CommandType.SetImage);
             Register<SetImageArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArray);
+            Register<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArraySeparate);
             Register<SetIndexBufferCommand>(CommandType.SetIndexBuffer);
             Register<SetLineParametersCommand>(CommandType.SetLineParameters);
             Register<SetLogicOpStateCommand>(CommandType.SetLogicOpState);
@@ -141,6 +142,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetStencilTestCommand>(CommandType.SetStencilTest);
             Register<SetTextureAndSamplerCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureAndSampler);
             Register<SetTextureArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArray);
+            Register<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArraySeparate);
             Register<SetUserClipDistanceCommand>(CommandType.SetUserClipDistance);
             Register<SetVertexAttribsCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexAttribs);
             Register<SetVertexBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexBuffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandType.cs

@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetUniformBuffers,
         SetImage,
         SetImageArray,
+        SetImageArraySeparate,
         SetIndexBuffer,
         SetLineParameters,
         SetLogicOpState,
@@ -101,6 +102,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetStencilTest,
         SetTextureAndSampler,
         SetTextureArray,
+        SetTextureArraySeparate,
         SetUserClipDistance,
         SetVertexAttribs,
         SetVertexBuffers,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetImageArraySeparateCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetImageArraySeparateCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetImageArraySeparate;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _setIndex;
+        private TableRef<IImageArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, TableRef<IImageArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _setIndex = setIndex;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetImageArraySeparateCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArraySeparate(command._stage, command._setIndex, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedImageArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetTextureArraySeparateCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetTextureArraySeparateCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetTextureArraySeparate;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _setIndex;
+        private TableRef<ITextureArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, TableRef<ITextureArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _setIndex = setIndex;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetTextureArraySeparateCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArraySeparate(command._stage, command._setIndex, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedTextureArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedPipeline.cs

@@ -189,6 +189,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>().Set(stage, setIndex, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetIndexBufferCommand>().Set(buffer, type);
@@ -297,6 +303,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>().Set(stage, setIndex, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetTransformFeedbackBuffersCommand>().Set(_renderer.CopySpan(buffers));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public Format Format { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shader texture host set index.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Set { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Shader texture host binding point.
         /// </summary>
@@ -54,15 +59,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the image as declared on the shader</param>
+        /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int set, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Target = target;
             Format = format;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
@@ -74,6 +81,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Constructs the texture binding information structure.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
+        /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
@@ -82,12 +90,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="isSamplerOnly">Indicates that the binding is for a sampler</param>
         public TextureBindingInfo(
             Target target,
+            int set,
             int binding,
             int arrayLength,
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
             TextureUsageFlags flags,
-            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, set, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
             IsSamplerOnly = isSamplerOnly;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsArrayCache.cs

@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int stageIndex,
             int textureBufferIndex,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             Update(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: false, samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
         }
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
         /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
-        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             Update(texturePool, null, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: true, SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex, bindingInfo);
         }
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int textureBufferIndex,
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             if (IsDirectHandleType(bindingInfo.Handle))
             {
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
-        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(texturePool, samplerPool, bindingInfo, isImage, out bool isNewEntry);
 
@@ -638,11 +638,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (isImage)
                 {
-                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                    SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                    SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                 }
 
                 return;
@@ -737,14 +737,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
             }
             else
             {
                 entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
                 entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
             }
         }
 
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int textureBufferIndex,
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             (textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, textureBufferIndex);
 
@@ -800,11 +800,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                        SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                        SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -829,11 +829,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                        SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                        SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -950,14 +950,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
             }
             else
             {
                 entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
                 entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture array binding on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="array">Texture array</param>
+        private void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            if (bindingInfo.Set >= _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex && _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets != 0)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArraySeparate(stage, bindingInfo.Set, array);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, array);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a image array binding on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="array">Image array</param>
+        private void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            if (bindingInfo.Set >= _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex && _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets != 0)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArraySeparate(stage, bindingInfo.Set, array);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, array);
             }
         }
 
@@ -973,7 +1009,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private CacheEntry GetOrAddEntry(
             TexturePool texturePool,
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
             bool isImage,
             out bool isNew)
         {
@@ -1015,7 +1051,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private CacheEntryFromBuffer GetOrAddEntry(
             TexturePool texturePool,
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
             bool isImage,
             ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
             out bool isNew)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderBindings.cs

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
+                        descriptor.Set,
                         descriptor.Binding,
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
                         format,
+                        descriptor.Set,
                         descriptor.Binding,
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 5936;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6870;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             _reservedImages = rrc.ReservedImages;
         }
 
-        public int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 binding = _resourceCounts.UniformBuffersCount++;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedConstantBuffers;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex, binding + _reservedConstantBuffers);
         }
 
-        public int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 _resourceCounts.ImagesCount += count;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedImages;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex, binding + _reservedImages);
         }
 
-        public int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 binding = _resourceCounts.StorageBuffersCount++;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedStorageBuffers;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex, binding + _reservedStorageBuffers);
         }
 
-        public int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 _resourceCounts.TexturesCount += count;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedTextures;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex, binding + _reservedTextures);
         }
 
         private int GetBindingFromIndex(int index, uint maxPerStage, string resourceName)
@@ -183,6 +183,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return maxPerStage * Constants.ShaderStages;
         }
 
+        public int CreateExtraSet()
+        {
+            if (_resourceCounts.SetsCount >= _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            return _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex + _resourceCounts.SetsCount++;
+        }
+
         public int QueryHostGatherBiasPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.GatherBiasPrecision;
 
         public bool QueryHostReducedPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.ReduceShaderPrecision;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ResourceCounts.cs

@@ -24,5 +24,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// Total of images used by the shaders.
         /// </summary>
         public int ImagesCount;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Total of extra sets used by the shaders.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int SetsCount;
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
@@ -9,13 +10,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
     /// </summary>
     class ShaderInfoBuilder
     {
-        private const int TotalSets = 4;
-
-        private const int UniformSetIndex = 0;
-        private const int StorageSetIndex = 1;
-        private const int TextureSetIndex = 2;
-        private const int ImageSetIndex = 3;
-
         private const ResourceStages SupportBufferStages =
             ResourceStages.Compute |
             ResourceStages.Vertex |
@@ -36,8 +30,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private readonly int _reservedTextures;
         private readonly int _reservedImages;
 
-        private readonly List<ResourceDescriptor>[] _resourceDescriptors;
+        private List<ResourceDescriptor>[] _resourceDescriptors;
-        private readonly List<ResourceUsage>[] _resourceUsages;
+        private List<ResourceUsage>[] _resourceUsages;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new shader info builder.
@@ -51,17 +45,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             _fragmentOutputMap = -1;
 
-            _resourceDescriptors = new List<ResourceDescriptor>[TotalSets];
+            int uniformSetIndex = context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex;
-            _resourceUsages = new List<ResourceUsage>[TotalSets];
+            int storageSetIndex = context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex;
+            int textureSetIndex = context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex;
+            int imageSetIndex = context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex;
 
-            for (int index = 0; index < TotalSets; index++)
+            int totalSets = Math.Max(uniformSetIndex, storageSetIndex);
+            totalSets = Math.Max(totalSets, textureSetIndex);
+            totalSets = Math.Max(totalSets, imageSetIndex);
+            totalSets++;
+
+            _resourceDescriptors = new List<ResourceDescriptor>[totalSets];
+            _resourceUsages = new List<ResourceUsage>[totalSets];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < totalSets; index++)
             {
                 _resourceDescriptors[index] = new();
                 _resourceUsages[index] = new();
             }
 
-            AddDescriptor(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
+            AddDescriptor(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
-            AddUsage(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
+            AddUsage(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
 
             ResourceReservationCounts rrc = new(!context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback && tfEnabled, vertexAsCompute);
 
@@ -73,12 +77,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             // TODO: Handle that better? Maybe we should only set the binding that are really needed on each shader.
             ResourceStages stages = vertexAsCompute ? ResourceStages.Compute | ResourceStages.Vertex : VtgStages;
 
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 1, rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers - 1);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 1, rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers - 1);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, StorageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, storageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedTextures);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferTexture, textureSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedTextures);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedImages);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferImage, imageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedImages);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Populates descriptors and usages for vertex as compute and transform feedback emulation reserved resources.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stages">Shader stages where the resources are used</param>
+        /// <param name="type">Resource type</param>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index where the resources are used</param>
+        /// <param name="start">First binding number</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Amount of bindings</param>
         private void PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(ResourceStages stages, ResourceType type, int setIndex, int start, int count)
         {
             AddDescriptor(stages, type, setIndex, start, count);
@@ -127,18 +139,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             int textureBinding = _reservedTextures + stageIndex * texturesPerStage * 2;
             int imageBinding = _reservedImages + stageIndex * imagesPerStage * 2;
 
-            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, uniformBinding, uniformsPerStage);
+            int uniformSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex;
-            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, StorageSetIndex, storageBinding, storagesPerStage);
+            int storageSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex;
-            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
+            int textureSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex;
-            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
+            int imageSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex;
 
-            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
+            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, uniformBinding, uniformsPerStage);
-            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: true);
+            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, storageSetIndex, storageBinding, storagesPerStage);
+            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, textureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
+            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, imageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
 
-            AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, UniformSetIndex, isStorage: false);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, isImage: false);
-            AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, StorageSetIndex, isStorage: true);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, isImage: true);
-            AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
+
-            AddUsage(info.Images, stages, ImageSetIndex, isImage: true);
+            AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, isStorage: false);
+            AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, isStorage: true);
+            AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, isImage: false);
+            AddUsage(info.Images, stages, isImage: true);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -177,9 +194,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
-        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, bool isImage)
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
@@ -187,7 +203,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 {
                     ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
-                    _resourceDescriptors[setIndex].Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                    GetDescriptors(texture.Set).Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -213,13 +229,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="buffers">Buffers to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the buffers are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the buffers will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isStorage">True for storage buffers, false for uniform buffers</param>
-        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<BufferDescriptor> buffers, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isStorage)
+        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<BufferDescriptor> buffers, ResourceStages stages, bool isStorage)
         {
             foreach (BufferDescriptor buffer in buffers)
             {
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(
+                GetUsages(buffer.Set).Add(new ResourceUsage(
                     buffer.Binding,
                     1,
                     isStorage ? ResourceType.StorageBuffer : ResourceType.UniformBuffer,
@@ -232,18 +247,65 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
-        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, bool isImage)
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
                 ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                GetUsages(texture.Set).Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the list of resource descriptors for a given set index. A new list will be created if needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index</param>
+        /// <returns>List of resource descriptors</returns>
+        private List<ResourceDescriptor> GetDescriptors(int setIndex)
+        {
+            if (_resourceDescriptors.Length <= setIndex)
+            {
+                int oldLength = _resourceDescriptors.Length;
+                Array.Resize(ref _resourceDescriptors, setIndex + 1);
+
+                for (int index = oldLength; index <= setIndex; index++)
+                {
+                    _resourceDescriptors[index] = new();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return _resourceDescriptors[setIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the list of resource usages for a given set index. A new list will be created if needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index</param>
+        /// <returns>List of resource usages</returns>
+        private List<ResourceUsage> GetUsages(int setIndex)
+        {
+            if (_resourceUsages.Length <= setIndex)
+            {
+                int oldLength = _resourceUsages.Length;
+                Array.Resize(ref _resourceUsages, setIndex + 1);
+
+                for (int index = oldLength; index <= setIndex; index++)
+                {
+                    _resourceUsages[index] = new();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return _resourceUsages[setIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a resource type from a texture descriptor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texture">Texture descriptor</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the texture is a image texture (writable) or not (sampled)</param>
+        /// <returns>Resource type</returns>
         private static ResourceType GetTextureResourceType(TextureDescriptor texture, bool isImage)
         {
             bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
@@ -278,10 +340,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <returns>Shader information</returns>
         public ShaderInfo Build(ProgramPipelineState? pipeline, bool fromCache = false)
         {
-            var descriptors = new ResourceDescriptorCollection[TotalSets];
+            int totalSets = _resourceDescriptors.Length;
-            var usages = new ResourceUsageCollection[TotalSets];
 
-            for (int index = 0; index < TotalSets; index++)
+            var descriptors = new ResourceDescriptorCollection[totalSets];
+            var usages = new ResourceUsageCollection[totalSets];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < totalSets; index++)
             {
                 descriptors[index] = new ResourceDescriptorCollection(_resourceDescriptors[index].ToArray().AsReadOnly());
                 usages[index] = new ResourceUsageCollection(_resourceUsages[index].ToArray().AsReadOnly());

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs

@@ -187,6 +187,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
                 supportsViewportSwizzle: HwCapabilities.SupportsViewportSwizzle,
                 supportsIndirectParameters: HwCapabilities.SupportsIndirectParameters,
                 supportsDepthClipControl: true,
+                uniformBufferSetIndex: 0,
+                storageBufferSetIndex: 1,
+                textureSetIndex: 2,
+                imageSetIndex: 3,
+                extraSetBaseIndex: 0,
+                maximumExtraSets: 0,
                 maximumUniformBuffersPerStage: 13, // TODO: Avoid hardcoding those limits here and get from driver?
                 maximumStorageBuffersPerStage: 16,
                 maximumTexturesPerStage: 32,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Pipeline.cs

@@ -963,6 +963,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             (array as ImageArray).Bind(binding);
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException("OpenGL does not support descriptor sets.");
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _elementsType = type.Convert();
@@ -1312,6 +1317,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             (array as TextureArray).Bind(binding);
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException("OpenGL does not support descriptor sets.");
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             if (_tfEnabled)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/BufferDescriptor.cs

@@ -4,14 +4,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
     {
         // New fields should be added to the end of the struct to keep disk shader cache compatibility.
 
+        public readonly int Set;
         public readonly int Binding;
         public readonly byte Slot;
         public readonly byte SbCbSlot;
         public readonly ushort SbCbOffset;
         public readonly BufferUsageFlags Flags;
 
-        public BufferDescriptor(int binding, int slot)
+        public BufferDescriptor(int set, int binding, int slot)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Slot = (byte)slot;
             SbCbSlot = 0;
@@ -19,8 +21,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             Flags = BufferUsageFlags.None;
         }
 
-        public BufferDescriptor(int binding, int slot, int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, BufferUsageFlags flags)
+        public BufferDescriptor(int set, int binding, int slot, int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, BufferUsageFlags flags)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Slot = (byte)slot;
             SbCbSlot = (byte)sbCbSlot;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenMemory.cs

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             }
             else
             {
-                context.Properties.Textures.TryGetValue(texOp.Binding, out TextureDefinition definition);
+                context.Properties.Textures.TryGetValue(texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding(), out TextureDefinition definition);
                 bool hasLod = !definition.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample) && (definition.Type & SamplerType.Mask) != SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
                 string texCall;
 
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
         private static string GetSamplerName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            TextureDefinition textureDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.Binding];
+            TextureDefinition textureDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             string name = textureDefinition.Name;
 
             if (textureDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
             if (texOp.IsSeparate)
             {
-                TextureDefinition samplerDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+                TextureDefinition samplerDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.GetSamplerSetAndBinding()];
                 string samplerName = samplerDefinition.Name;
 
                 if (samplerDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
         private static string GetImageName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             string name = definition.Name;
 
             if (definition.ArrayLength != 1)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/CodeGenContext.cs

@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         public Dictionary<int, Instruction> LocalMemories { get; } = new();
         public Dictionary<int, Instruction> SharedMemories { get; } = new();
 
-        public Dictionary<int, SamplerType> SamplersTypes { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, SamplerType> SamplersTypes { get; } = new();
-        public Dictionary<int, SamplerDeclaration> Samplers { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, SamplerDeclaration> Samplers { get; } = new();
-        public Dictionary<int, ImageDeclaration> Images { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, ImageDeclaration> Images { get; } = new();
 
         public Dictionary<IoDefinition, Instruction> Inputs { get; } = new();
         public Dictionary<IoDefinition, Instruction> Outputs { get; } = new();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Declarations.cs

@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 var sampledImageVariable = context.Variable(sampledImageArrayPointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
 
-                context.Samplers.Add(sampler.Binding, new SamplerDeclaration(
+                context.Samplers.Add(new(sampler.Set, sampler.Binding), new SamplerDeclaration(
                     imageType,
                     sampledImageType,
                     sampledImagePointerType,
                     sampledImageVariable,
                     sampler.ArrayLength != 1));
-                context.SamplersTypes.Add(sampler.Binding, sampler.Type);
+                context.SamplersTypes.Add(new(sampler.Set, sampler.Binding), sampler.Type);
 
                 context.Name(sampledImageVariable, sampler.Name);
                 context.Decorate(sampledImageVariable, Decoration.DescriptorSet, (LiteralInteger)setIndex);
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 var imageVariable = context.Variable(imageArrayPointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
 
-                context.Images.Add(image.Binding, new ImageDeclaration(imageType, imagePointerType, imageVariable, image.ArrayLength != 1));
+                context.Images.Add(new(image.Set, image.Binding), new ImageDeclaration(imageType, imagePointerType, imageVariable, image.ArrayLength != 1));
 
                 context.Name(imageVariable, image.Name);
                 context.Decorate(imageVariable, Decoration.DescriptorSet, (LiteralInteger)setIndex);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Instructions.cs

@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             SpvInstruction resultType = context.GetType(componentType);
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             if (declaration.IsIndexed)
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             if (declaration.IsIndexed)
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int pCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             int srcIndex = 0;
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
@@ -1449,7 +1449,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             int srcIndex = 0;
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             }
             else
             {
-                var type = context.SamplersTypes[texOp.Binding];
+                var type = context.SamplersTypes[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
                 bool hasLod = !type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample) && type != SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
 
                 int dimensions = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureCube ? 2 : type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1889,7 +1889,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             {
                 image = context.Load(declaration.ImageType, image);
 
-                SamplerDeclaration samplerDeclaration = context.Samplers[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+                SamplerDeclaration samplerDeclaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetSamplerSetAndBinding()];
 
                 SpvInstruction sampler = samplerDeclaration.Image;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -27,34 +27,43 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a constant buffer.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a constant buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="index">Constant buffer index</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index);
+        SetBindingPair CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of an image.
+        /// Gets the binding number of an image.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="count">For array of images, the number of elements of the array, otherwise it should be 1</param>
         /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the image is a buffer image</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+        SetBindingPair CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a storage buffer.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a storage buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="index">Storage buffer index</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index);
+        SetBindingPair CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a texture.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a texture.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="count">For array of textures, the number of elements of the array, otherwise it should be 1</param>
         /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the texture is a buffer texture</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+        SetBindingPair CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the set index for an additional set, or -1 if there's no extra set available.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Extra set index, or -1 if not available</returns>
+        int CreateExtraSet()
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries Local Size X for compute shaders.

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitSurface.cs

@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Bindless;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageAtomic,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 imm);
 
-            Operand res = context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            Operand res = context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
 
             context.Copy(d, res);
         }
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                 TextureFormat format = isBindless ? TextureFormat.Unknown : ShaderProperties.GetTextureFormat(context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor, handle);
 
-                int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     Instruction.ImageLoad,
                     type,
                     format,
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                     handle);
 
-                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, binding, (int)componentMask, dests, sources);
+                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, (int)componentMask, dests, sources);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                 TextureFormat format = GetTextureFormat(size);
 
-                int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     Instruction.ImageLoad,
                     type,
                     format,
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                     handle);
 
-                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, binding, compMask, dests, sources);
+                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, compMask, dests, sources);
 
                 switch (size)
                 {
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Bindless;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageAtomic,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 imm);
 
-            context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
         }
 
         private static void EmitSust(
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Coherent;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageStore,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 handle);
 
-            context.ImageStore(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            context.ImageStore(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
         }
 
         private static int GetComponentSizeInBytesLog2(SuatomSize size)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitTexture.cs

@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 return Register(dest++, RegisterType.Gpr);
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.Lod,
                 type,
                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     else
                     {
                         // The instruction component order is the inverse of GLSL's.
-                        Operand res = context.Lod(type, flags, binding, compIndex ^ 1, sources);
+                        Operand res = context.Lod(type, flags, setAndBinding, compIndex ^ 1, sources);
 
                         res = context.FPMultiply(res, ConstF(256.0f));
 
@@ -1116,12 +1116,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
             }
 
             TextureFlags flags = isBindless ? TextureFlags.Bindless : TextureFlags.None;
-            int binding;
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding;
 
             switch (query)
             {
                 case TexQuery.TexHeaderDimension:
-                    binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                    setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                         Instruction.TextureQuerySize,
                         type,
                         TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1140,13 +1140,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                                 break;
                             }
 
-                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySize(type, flags, binding, compIndex, sources));
+                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySize(type, flags, setAndBinding, compIndex, sources));
                         }
                     }
                     break;
 
                 case TexQuery.TexHeaderTextureType:
-                    binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                    setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                         Instruction.TextureQuerySamples,
                         type,
                         TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                         if (d != null)
                         {
-                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySamples(type, flags, binding, sources));
+                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySamples(type, flags, setAndBinding, sources));
                         }
                     }
                     break;
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
             Operand[] dests,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            int binding = flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.Bindless) ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.Bindless) ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.TextureSample,
                 type,
                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 handle);
 
-            context.TextureSample(type, flags, binding, componentMask, dests, sources);
+            context.TextureSample(type, flags, setAndBinding, componentMask, dests, sources);
         }
 
         private static SamplerType ConvertSamplerType(TexDim dimensions)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/TextureOperation.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
         public TextureFormat Format { get; set; }
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; private set; }
 
+        public int Set { get; private set; }
         public int Binding { get; private set; }
+        public int SamplerSet { get; private set; }
         public int SamplerBinding { get; private set; }
 
         public TextureOperation(
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
+            int set,
             int binding,
             int compIndex,
             Operand[] dests,
@@ -24,24 +27,28 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             Type = type;
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
+            SamplerSet = -1;
             SamplerBinding = -1;
         }
 
-        public void TurnIntoArray(int binding)
+        public void TurnIntoArray(SetBindingPair setAndBinding)
         {
             Flags &= ~TextureFlags.Bindless;
-            Binding = binding;
+            Set = setAndBinding.SetIndex;
+            Binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
-        public void TurnIntoArray(int textureBinding, int samplerBinding)
+        public void TurnIntoArray(SetBindingPair textureSetAndBinding, SetBindingPair samplerSetAndBinding)
         {
-            TurnIntoArray(textureBinding);
+            TurnIntoArray(textureSetAndBinding);
 
-            SamplerBinding = samplerBinding;
+            SamplerSet = samplerSetAndBinding.SetIndex;
+            SamplerBinding = samplerSetAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
-        public void SetBinding(int binding)
+        public void SetBinding(SetBindingPair setAndBinding)
         {
             if ((Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0)
             {
@@ -50,7 +57,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
                 RemoveSource(0);
             }
 
-            Binding = binding;
+            Set = setAndBinding.SetIndex;
+            Binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
         public void SetLodLevelFlag()

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/SetBindingPair.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
+{
+    public readonly record struct SetBindingPair(int SetIndex, int Binding);
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/AstTextureOperation.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
         public TextureFormat Format { get; }
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; }
 
+        public int Set { get; }
         public int Binding { get; }
+        public int SamplerSet { get; }
         public int SamplerBinding { get; }
 
         public bool IsSeparate => SamplerBinding >= 0;
@@ -18,7 +20,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
+            int set,
             int binding,
+            int samplerSet,
             int samplerBinding,
             int index,
             params IAstNode[] sources) : base(inst, StorageKind.None, false, index, sources, sources.Length)
@@ -26,8 +30,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             Type = type;
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
+            SamplerSet = samplerSet;
             SamplerBinding = samplerBinding;
         }
+
+        public SetBindingPair GetTextureSetAndBinding()
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(Set, Binding);
+        }
+
+        public SetBindingPair GetSamplerSetAndBinding()
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(SamplerSet, SamplerBinding);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/ShaderProperties.cs

@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
     {
         private readonly Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition> _constantBuffers;
         private readonly Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition> _storageBuffers;
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition> _textures;
+        private readonly Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> _textures;
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition> _images;
+        private readonly Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> _images;
         private readonly Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> _localMemories;
         private readonly Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> _sharedMemories;
 
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, BufferDefinition> ConstantBuffers => _constantBuffers;
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, BufferDefinition> StorageBuffers => _storageBuffers;
-        public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, TextureDefinition> Textures => _textures;
+        public IReadOnlyDictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> Textures => _textures;
-        public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, TextureDefinition> Images => _images;
+        public IReadOnlyDictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> Images => _images;
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> LocalMemories => _localMemories;
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> SharedMemories => _sharedMemories;
 
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
         {
             _constantBuffers = new Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition>();
             _storageBuffers = new Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition>();
-            _textures = new Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition>();
+            _textures = new Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition>();
-            _images = new Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition>();
+            _images = new Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition>();
             _localMemories = new Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition>();
             _sharedMemories = new Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition>();
         }
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
         public void AddOrUpdateTexture(TextureDefinition definition)
         {
-            _textures[definition.Binding] = definition;
+            _textures[new(definition.Set, definition.Binding)] = definition;
         }
 
         public void AddOrUpdateImage(TextureDefinition definition)
         {
-            _images[definition.Binding] = definition;
+            _images[new(definition.Set, definition.Binding)] = definition;
         }
 
         public int AddLocalMemory(MemoryDefinition definition)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/StructuredProgram.cs

@@ -169,7 +169,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
             AstTextureOperation GetAstTextureOperation(TextureOperation texOp)
             {
-                return new AstTextureOperation(inst, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.Flags, texOp.Binding, texOp.SamplerBinding, texOp.Index, sources);
+                return new AstTextureOperation(
+                    inst,
+                    texOp.Type,
+                    texOp.Format,
+                    texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
+                    texOp.Binding,
+                    texOp.SamplerSet,
+                    texOp.SamplerBinding,
+                    texOp.Index,
+                    sources);
             }
 
             int componentsCount = BitOperations.PopCount((uint)operation.Index);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/TextureDescriptor.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
     {
         // New fields should be added to the end of the struct to keep disk shader cache compatibility.
 
+        public readonly int Set;
         public readonly int Binding;
 
         public readonly SamplerType Type;
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         public readonly TextureUsageFlags Flags;
 
         public TextureDescriptor(
+            int set,
             int binding,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             bool separate,
             TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Type = type;
             Format = format;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/EmitterContext.cs

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     this.TextureSample(
                         SamplerType.TextureBuffer,
                         TextureFlags.IntCoords,
-                        ResourceManager.Reservations.IndexBufferTextureBinding,
+                        ResourceManager.Reservations.GetIndexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(),
                         1,
                         new[] { vertexIndexVr },
                         new[] { this.IAdd(ibBaseOffset, outputVertexOffset) });
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                         this.TextureSample(
                             SamplerType.TextureBuffer,
                             TextureFlags.IntCoords,
-                            ResourceManager.Reservations.TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding,
+                            ResourceManager.Reservations.GetTopologyRemapBufferTextureSetAndBinding(),
                             1,
                             new[] { vertexIndex },
                             new[] { this.IAdd(baseVertex, Const(index)) });

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/EmitterContextInsts.cs

@@ -618,12 +618,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.ImageAtomic, type, format, flags, binding, 0, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.ImageAtomic,
+                type,
+                format,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                0,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }
@@ -633,12 +642,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compMask,
             Operand[] dests,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.ImageLoad, type, format, flags, binding, compMask, dests, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.ImageLoad,
+                type,
+                format,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compMask,
+                dests,
+                sources));
         }
 
         public static void ImageStore(
@@ -646,10 +664,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.ImageStore, type, format, flags, binding, 0, null, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.ImageStore,
+                type,
+                format,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                0,
+                null,
+                sources));
         }
 
         public static Operand IsNan(this EmitterContext context, Operand a, Instruction fpType = Instruction.FP32)
@@ -718,13 +745,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compIndex,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.Lod, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, compIndex, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.Lod,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compIndex,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }
@@ -889,24 +925,42 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compMask,
             Operand[] dests,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.TextureSample, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, compMask, dests, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.TextureSample,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compMask,
+                dests,
+                sources));
         }
 
         public static Operand TextureQuerySamples(
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.TextureQuerySamples, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, 0, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.TextureQuerySamples,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                0,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }
@@ -915,13 +969,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compIndex,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.TextureQuerySize, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, compIndex, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.TextureQuerySize,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compIndex,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessElimination.cs

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
             bool hasSampler = !texOp.Inst.IsImage();
 
-            int textureBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair textureSetAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 texOp.Inst,
                 texOp.Type,
                 texOp.Format,
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
                 texOp.InsertSource(1, samplerIndex);
 
-                int samplerBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair samplerSetAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     texOp.Inst,
                     SamplerType.None,
                     texOp.Format,
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     TextureHandle.PackOffsets(0, 0, TextureHandleType.Direct),
                     samplerPoolLength);
 
-                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureBinding, samplerBinding);
+                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureSetAndBinding, samplerSetAndBinding);
             }
             else
             {
-                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureBinding);
+                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureSetAndBinding);
             }
 
             return true;
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 }
             }
 
-            int binding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 texOp.Inst,
                 texOp.Type,
                 texOp.Format,
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 cbufSlot,
                 cbufOffset);
 
-            texOp.SetBinding(binding);
+            texOp.SetBinding(setAndBinding);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessToArray.cs

@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
         private static void TurnIntoArray(ResourceManager resourceManager, TextureOperation texOp, int cbufSlot, int handleIndex, int length)
         {
-            int binding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 texOp.Inst,
                 texOp.Type,
                 texOp.Format,
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 handleIndex,
                 length);
 
-            texOp.TurnIntoArray(binding);
+            texOp.TurnIntoArray(setAndBinding);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/ResourceManager.cs

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         private readonly ShaderStage _stage;
         private readonly string _stagePrefix;
 
-        private readonly int[] _cbSlotToBindingMap;
+        private readonly SetBindingPair[] _cbSlotToBindingMap;
-        private readonly int[] _sbSlotToBindingMap;
+        private readonly SetBindingPair[] _sbSlotToBindingMap;
         private uint _sbSlotWritten;
 
         private readonly Dictionary<int, int> _sbSlots;
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         private struct TextureMeta
         {
+            public int Set;
             public int Binding;
             public bool AccurateType;
             public SamplerType Type;
@@ -64,10 +65,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             _stage = stage;
             _stagePrefix = GetShaderStagePrefix(stage);
 
-            _cbSlotToBindingMap = new int[18];
+            _cbSlotToBindingMap = new SetBindingPair[18];
-            _sbSlotToBindingMap = new int[16];
+            _sbSlotToBindingMap = new SetBindingPair[16];
-            _cbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(-1);
+            _cbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(new(-1, -1));
-            _sbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(-1);
+            _sbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(new(-1, -1));
 
             _sbSlots = new();
             _sbSlotsReverse = new();
@@ -146,16 +147,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         public int GetConstantBufferBinding(int slot)
         {
-            int binding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
-            if (binding < 0)
+            if (setAndBinding.Binding < 0)
             {
-                binding = _gpuAccessor.CreateConstantBufferBinding(slot);
+                setAndBinding = _gpuAccessor.CreateConstantBufferBinding(slot);
-                _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = binding;
+                _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = setAndBinding;
                 string slotNumber = slot.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                AddNewConstantBuffer(binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_c{slotNumber}");
+                AddNewConstantBuffer(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_c{slotNumber}");
             }
 
-            return binding;
+            return setAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
         public bool TryGetStorageBufferBinding(int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, bool write, out int binding)
@@ -166,14 +167,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 return false;
             }
 
-            binding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
 
-            if (binding < 0)
+            if (setAndBinding.Binding < 0)
             {
-                binding = _gpuAccessor.CreateStorageBufferBinding(slot);
+                setAndBinding = _gpuAccessor.CreateStorageBufferBinding(slot);
-                _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = binding;
+                _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = setAndBinding;
                 string slotNumber = slot.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                AddNewStorageBuffer(binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_s{slotNumber}");
+                AddNewStorageBuffer(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_s{slotNumber}");
             }
 
             if (write)
@@ -181,6 +182,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 _sbSlotWritten |= 1u << slot;
             }
 
+            binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         {
             for (slot = 0; slot < _cbSlotToBindingMap.Length; slot++)
             {
-                if (_cbSlotToBindingMap[slot] == binding)
+                if (_cbSlotToBindingMap[slot].Binding == binding)
                 {
                     return true;
                 }
@@ -218,7 +220,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             return false;
         }
 
-        public int GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+        public SetBindingPair GetTextureOrImageBinding(
             Instruction inst,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
@@ -240,7 +242,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 format = TextureFormat.Unknown;
             }
 
-            int binding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 cbufSlot,
                 handle,
                 arrayLength,
@@ -255,10 +257,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             _gpuAccessor.RegisterTexture(handle, cbufSlot);
 
-            return binding;
+            return setAndBinding;
         }
 
-        private int GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+        private SetBindingPair GetTextureOrImageBinding(
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
             int arrayLength,
@@ -311,21 +313,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 UsageFlags = usageFlags,
             };
 
+            int setIndex;
             int binding;
 
             if (dict.TryGetValue(info, out var existingMeta))
             {
                 dict[info] = MergeTextureMeta(meta, existingMeta);
+                setIndex = existingMeta.Set;
                 binding = existingMeta.Binding;
             }
             else
+            {
+                if (arrayLength > 1 && (setIndex = _gpuAccessor.CreateExtraSet()) >= 0)
+                {
+                    // We reserved an "extra set" for the array.
+                    // In this case the binding is always the first one (0).
+                    // Using separate sets for array is better as we need to do less descriptor set updates.
+
+                    binding = 0;
+                }
+                else
                 {
                     bool isBuffer = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
 
-                binding = isImage
+                    SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isImage
                         ? _gpuAccessor.CreateImageBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer)
                         : _gpuAccessor.CreateTextureBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer);
 
+                    setIndex = setAndBinding.SetIndex;
+                    binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
+                }
+
+                meta.Set = setIndex;
                 meta.Binding = binding;
 
                 dict.Add(info, meta);
@@ -355,7 +374,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             }
 
             var definition = new TextureDefinition(
-                isImage ? 3 : 2,
+                setIndex,
                 binding,
                 arrayLength,
                 separate,
@@ -373,11 +392,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(definition);
             }
 
-            return binding;
+            return new SetBindingPair(setIndex, binding);
         }
 
         private static TextureMeta MergeTextureMeta(TextureMeta meta, TextureMeta existingMeta)
         {
+            meta.Set = existingMeta.Set;
             meta.Binding = existingMeta.Binding;
             meta.UsageFlags |= existingMeta.UsageFlags;
 
@@ -440,11 +460,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             for (int slot = 0; slot < _cbSlotToBindingMap.Length; slot++)
             {
-                int binding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
 
-                if (binding >= 0 && _usedConstantBufferBindings.Contains(binding))
+                if (setAndBinding.Binding >= 0 && _usedConstantBufferBindings.Contains(setAndBinding.Binding))
                 {
-                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(binding, slot);
+                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, slot);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -464,13 +484,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             foreach ((int key, int slot) in _sbSlots)
             {
-                int binding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
 
-                if (binding >= 0)
+                if (setAndBinding.Binding >= 0)
                 {
                     (int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset) = UnpackSbCbInfo(key);
                     BufferUsageFlags flags = (_sbSlotWritten & (1u << slot)) != 0 ? BufferUsageFlags.Write : BufferUsageFlags.None;
-                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(binding, slot, sbCbSlot, sbCbOffset, flags);
+                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, slot, sbCbSlot, sbCbOffset, flags);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -507,6 +527,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 }
 
                 descriptors.Add(new TextureDescriptor(
+                    meta.Set,
                     meta.Binding,
                     meta.Type,
                     info.Format,
@@ -527,6 +548,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     }
 
                     descriptors.Add(new TextureDescriptor(
+                        meta.Set,
                         meta.Binding,
                         meta.Type,
                         info.Format,
@@ -587,24 +609,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             return false;
         }
 
-        private void AddNewConstantBuffer(int binding, string name)
+        private void AddNewConstantBuffer(int setIndex, int binding, string name)
         {
             StructureType type = new(new[]
             {
                 new StructureField(AggregateType.Array | AggregateType.Vector4 | AggregateType.FP32, "data", Constants.ConstantBufferSize / 16),
             });
 
-            Properties.AddOrUpdateConstantBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std140, 0, binding, name, type));
+            Properties.AddOrUpdateConstantBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std140, setIndex, binding, name, type));
         }
 
-        private void AddNewStorageBuffer(int binding, string name)
+        private void AddNewStorageBuffer(int setIndex, int binding, string name)
         {
             StructureType type = new(new[]
             {
                 new StructureField(AggregateType.Array | AggregateType.U32, "data", 0),
             });
 
-            Properties.AddOrUpdateStorageBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std430, 1, binding, name, type));
+            Properties.AddOrUpdateStorageBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std430, setIndex, binding, name, type));
         }
 
         public static string GetShaderStagePrefix(ShaderStage stage)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/ResourceReservations.cs

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         public const int MaxVertexBufferTextures = 32;
 
+        private const int TextureSetIndex = 2; // TODO: Get from GPU accessor.
+
         public int VertexInfoConstantBufferBinding { get; }
         public int VertexOutputStorageBufferBinding { get; }
         public int GeometryVertexOutputStorageBufferBinding { get; }
@@ -163,6 +165,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             return _vertexBufferTextureBaseBinding + vaLocation;
         }
 
+        public SetBindingPair GetVertexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(int vaLocation)
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(TextureSetIndex, GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(vaLocation));
+        }
+
+        public SetBindingPair GetIndexBufferTextureSetAndBinding()
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(TextureSetIndex, IndexBufferTextureBinding);
+        }
+
+        public SetBindingPair GetTopologyRemapBufferTextureSetAndBinding()
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(TextureSetIndex, TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding);
+        }
+
         internal bool TryGetOffset(StorageKind storageKind, int location, int component, out int offset)
         {
             return _offsets.TryGetValue(new IoDefinition(storageKind, IoVariable.UserDefined, location, component), out offset);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Transforms/TexturePass.cs

@@ -182,6 +182,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     index,
                     new[] { coordSize },
@@ -251,6 +252,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     index,
                     new[] { coordSize },
@@ -471,6 +473,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                         texOp.Type,
                         texOp.Format,
                         texOp.Flags & ~(TextureFlags.Offset | TextureFlags.Offsets),
+                        texOp.Set,
                         texOp.Binding,
                         1 << 3, // W component: i=0, j=0
                         new[] { dests[destIndex++] },
@@ -527,6 +530,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags & ~(TextureFlags.Offset | TextureFlags.Offsets),
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     componentIndex,
                     dests,
@@ -573,6 +577,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     index,
                     new[] { texSizes[index] },
@@ -603,6 +608,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     0,
                     new[] { lod },
@@ -633,6 +639,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     index,
                     new[] { texSizes[index] },

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Transforms/VertexToCompute.cs

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                         {
                             bool needsSextNorm = context.Definitions.IsAttributePackedRgb10A2Signed(location);
 
+                            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = context.ResourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(location);
                             Operand temp = needsSextNorm ? Local() : dest;
                             Operand vertexElemOffset = GenerateVertexOffset(context.ResourceManager, node, location, 0);
 
@@ -62,7 +63,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                                 SamplerType.TextureBuffer,
                                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
                                 TextureFlags.IntCoords,
-                                context.ResourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(location),
+                                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                                setAndBinding.Binding,
                                 1 << component,
                                 new[] { temp },
                                 new[] { vertexElemOffset }));
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                         }
                         else
                         {
+                            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = context.ResourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(location);
                             Operand temp = component > 0 ? Local() : dest;
                             Operand vertexElemOffset = GenerateVertexOffset(context.ResourceManager, node, location, component);
 
@@ -83,7 +86,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                                 SamplerType.TextureBuffer,
                                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
                                 TextureFlags.IntCoords,
-                                context.ResourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(location),
+                                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                                setAndBinding.Binding,
                                 1,
                                 new[] { temp },
                                 new[] { vertexElemOffset }));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/TranslatorContext.cs

@@ -412,8 +412,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
                 if (Stage == ShaderStage.Vertex)
                 {
-                    int ibBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.IndexBufferTextureBinding;
+                    SetBindingPair ibSetAndBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetIndexBufferTextureSetAndBinding();
-                    TextureDefinition indexBuffer = new(2, ibBinding, "ib_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
+                    TextureDefinition indexBuffer = new(ibSetAndBinding.SetIndex, ibSetAndBinding.Binding, "ib_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                     resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(indexBuffer);
 
                     int inputMap = _program.AttributeUsage.UsedInputAttributes;
@@ -421,8 +421,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     while (inputMap != 0)
                     {
                         int location = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(inputMap);
-                        int binding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(location);
+                        SetBindingPair setAndBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(location);
-                        TextureDefinition vaBuffer = new(2, binding, $"vb_data{location}", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
+                        TextureDefinition vaBuffer = new(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, $"vb_data{location}", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                         resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(vaBuffer);
 
                         inputMap &= ~(1 << location);
@@ -430,8 +430,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 }
                 else if (Stage == ShaderStage.Geometry)
                 {
-                    int trbBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding;
+                    SetBindingPair trbSetAndBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetTopologyRemapBufferTextureSetAndBinding();
-                    TextureDefinition remapBuffer = new(2, trbBinding, "trb_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
+                    TextureDefinition remapBuffer = new(trbSetAndBinding.SetIndex, trbSetAndBinding.Binding, "trb_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                     resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(remapBuffer);
 
                     int geometryVbOutputSbBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GeometryVertexOutputStorageBufferBinding;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/DescriptorSetUpdater.cs

@@ -69,17 +69,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
         }
 
-        private record struct ArrayRef<T>
+        private readonly record struct ArrayRef<T>(ShaderStage Stage, T Array);
-        {
-            public ShaderStage Stage;
-            public T Array;
-
-            public ArrayRef(ShaderStage stage, T array)
-            {
-                Stage = stage;
-                Array = array;
-            }
-        }
 
         private readonly VulkanRenderer _gd;
         private readonly Device _device;
@@ -97,6 +87,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private ArrayRef<TextureArray>[] _textureArrayRefs;
         private ArrayRef<ImageArray>[] _imageArrayRefs;
 
+        private ArrayRef<TextureArray>[] _textureArrayExtraRefs;
+        private ArrayRef<ImageArray>[] _imageArrayExtraRefs;
+
         private readonly DescriptorBufferInfo[] _uniformBuffers;
         private readonly DescriptorBufferInfo[] _storageBuffers;
         private readonly DescriptorImageInfo[] _textures;
@@ -152,6 +145,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _textureArrayRefs = Array.Empty<ArrayRef<TextureArray>>();
             _imageArrayRefs = Array.Empty<ArrayRef<ImageArray>>();
 
+            _textureArrayExtraRefs = Array.Empty<ArrayRef<TextureArray>>();
+            _imageArrayExtraRefs = Array.Empty<ArrayRef<ImageArray>>();
+
             _uniformBuffers = new DescriptorBufferInfo[Constants.MaxUniformBufferBindings];
             _storageBuffers = new DescriptorBufferInfo[Constants.MaxStorageBufferBindings];
             _textures = new DescriptorImageInfo[Constants.MaxTexturesPerStage];
@@ -495,25 +491,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public void SetTextureArray(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array)
         {
-            if (_textureArrayRefs.Length <= binding)
+            ref ArrayRef<TextureArray> arrayRef = ref GetArrayRef(ref _textureArrayRefs, binding, ArrayGrowthSize);
-            {
-                Array.Resize(ref _textureArrayRefs, binding + ArrayGrowthSize);
-            }
 
-            if (_textureArrayRefs[binding].Stage != stage || _textureArrayRefs[binding].Array != array)
+            if (arrayRef.Stage != stage || arrayRef.Array != array)
             {
-                if (_textureArrayRefs[binding].Array != null)
+                arrayRef.Array?.DecrementBindCount();
-                {
-                    _textureArrayRefs[binding].Array.Bound = false;
-                }
 
                 if (array is TextureArray textureArray)
                 {
-                    textureArray.Bound = true;
+                    textureArray.IncrementBindCount();
                     textureArray.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
                 }
 
-                _textureArrayRefs[binding] = new ArrayRef<TextureArray>(stage, array as TextureArray);
+                arrayRef = new ArrayRef<TextureArray>(stage, array as TextureArray);
+
+                SignalDirty(DirtyFlags.Texture);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            ref ArrayRef<TextureArray> arrayRef = ref GetArrayRef(ref _textureArrayExtraRefs, setIndex - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts);
+
+            if (arrayRef.Stage != stage || arrayRef.Array != array)
+            {
+                arrayRef.Array?.DecrementBindCount();
+
+                if (array is TextureArray textureArray)
+                {
+                    textureArray.IncrementBindCount();
+                    textureArray.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
+                }
+
+                arrayRef = new ArrayRef<TextureArray>(stage, array as TextureArray);
 
                 SignalDirty(DirtyFlags.Texture);
             }
@@ -521,30 +531,56 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public void SetImageArray(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array)
         {
-            if (_imageArrayRefs.Length <= binding)
+            ref ArrayRef<ImageArray> arrayRef = ref GetArrayRef(ref _imageArrayRefs, binding, ArrayGrowthSize);
-            {
-                Array.Resize(ref _imageArrayRefs, binding + ArrayGrowthSize);
-            }
 
-            if (_imageArrayRefs[binding].Stage != stage || _imageArrayRefs[binding].Array != array)
+            if (arrayRef.Stage != stage || arrayRef.Array != array)
             {
-                if (_imageArrayRefs[binding].Array != null)
+                arrayRef.Array?.DecrementBindCount();
-                {
-                    _imageArrayRefs[binding].Array.Bound = false;
-                }
 
                 if (array is ImageArray imageArray)
                 {
-                    imageArray.Bound = true;
+                    imageArray.IncrementBindCount();
                     imageArray.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
                 }
 
-                _imageArrayRefs[binding] = new ArrayRef<ImageArray>(stage, array as ImageArray);
+                arrayRef = new ArrayRef<ImageArray>(stage, array as ImageArray);
 
                 SignalDirty(DirtyFlags.Image);
             }
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            ref ArrayRef<ImageArray> arrayRef = ref GetArrayRef(ref _imageArrayExtraRefs, setIndex - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts);
+
+            if (arrayRef.Stage != stage || arrayRef.Array != array)
+            {
+                arrayRef.Array?.DecrementBindCount();
+
+                if (array is ImageArray imageArray)
+                {
+                    imageArray.IncrementBindCount();
+                    imageArray.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
+                }
+
+                arrayRef = new ArrayRef<ImageArray>(stage, array as ImageArray);
+
+                SignalDirty(DirtyFlags.Image);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static ref ArrayRef<T> GetArrayRef<T>(ref ArrayRef<T>[] array, int index, int growthSize = 1)
+        {
+            ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfNegative(index);
+
+            if (array.Length <= index)
+            {
+                Array.Resize(ref array, index + growthSize);
+            }
+
+            return ref array[index];
+        }
+
         public void SetUniformBuffers(CommandBuffer commandBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers)
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < buffers.Length; i++)
@@ -594,31 +630,40 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 return;
             }
 
+            var program = _program;
+
             if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Uniform))
             {
-                if (_program.UsePushDescriptors)
+                if (program.UsePushDescriptors)
                 {
-                    UpdateAndBindUniformBufferPd(cbs, pbp);
+                    UpdateAndBindUniformBufferPd(cbs);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    UpdateAndBind(cbs, PipelineBase.UniformSetIndex, pbp);
+                    UpdateAndBind(cbs, program, PipelineBase.UniformSetIndex, pbp);
                 }
             }
 
             if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Storage))
             {
-                UpdateAndBind(cbs, PipelineBase.StorageSetIndex, pbp);
+                UpdateAndBind(cbs, program, PipelineBase.StorageSetIndex, pbp);
             }
 
             if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Texture))
             {
-                UpdateAndBind(cbs, PipelineBase.TextureSetIndex, pbp);
+                UpdateAndBind(cbs, program, PipelineBase.TextureSetIndex, pbp);
             }
 
             if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Image))
             {
-                UpdateAndBind(cbs, PipelineBase.ImageSetIndex, pbp);
+                UpdateAndBind(cbs, program, PipelineBase.ImageSetIndex, pbp);
+            }
+
+            if (program.BindingSegments.Length > PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts)
+            {
+                // Program is using extra sets, we need to bind those too.
+
+                BindExtraSets(cbs, program, pbp);
             }
 
             _dirty = DirtyFlags.None;
@@ -658,9 +703,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         }
 
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private void UpdateAndBind(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int setIndex, PipelineBindPoint pbp)
+        private void UpdateAndBind(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderCollection program, int setIndex, PipelineBindPoint pbp)
         {
-            var program = _program;
             var bindingSegments = program.BindingSegments[setIndex];
 
             if (bindingSegments.Length == 0)
@@ -869,7 +913,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         }
 
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private void UpdateAndBindUniformBufferPd(CommandBufferScoped cbs, PipelineBindPoint pbp)
+        private void UpdateAndBindUniformBufferPd(CommandBufferScoped cbs)
         {
             int sequence = _pdSequence;
             var bindingSegments = _program.BindingSegments[PipelineBase.UniformSetIndex];
@@ -933,6 +977,56 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
         }
 
+        private void BindExtraSets(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderCollection program, PipelineBindPoint pbp)
+        {
+            for (int setIndex = PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts; setIndex < program.BindingSegments.Length; setIndex++)
+            {
+                var bindingSegments = program.BindingSegments[setIndex];
+
+                if (bindingSegments.Length == 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                ResourceBindingSegment segment = bindingSegments[0];
+
+                if (segment.IsArray)
+                {
+                    DescriptorSet[] sets = null;
+
+                    if (segment.Type == ResourceType.Texture ||
+                        segment.Type == ResourceType.Sampler ||
+                        segment.Type == ResourceType.TextureAndSampler ||
+                        segment.Type == ResourceType.BufferTexture)
+                    {
+                        sets = _textureArrayExtraRefs[setIndex - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts].Array.GetDescriptorSets(
+                            _device,
+                            cbs,
+                            _templateUpdater,
+                            program,
+                            setIndex,
+                            _dummyTexture,
+                            _dummySampler);
+                    }
+                    else if (segment.Type == ResourceType.Image || segment.Type == ResourceType.BufferImage)
+                    {
+                        sets = _imageArrayExtraRefs[setIndex - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts].Array.GetDescriptorSets(
+                            _device,
+                            cbs,
+                            _templateUpdater,
+                            program,
+                            setIndex,
+                            _dummyTexture);
+                    }
+
+                    if (sets != null)
+                    {
+                        _gd.Api.CmdBindDescriptorSets(cbs.CommandBuffer, pbp, _program.PipelineLayout, (uint)setIndex, 1, sets, 0, ReadOnlySpan<uint>.Empty);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         public void SignalCommandBufferChange()
         {
             _updateDescriptorCacheCbIndex = true;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/ImageArray.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
@@ -24,12 +25,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         private HashSet<TextureStorage> _storages;
 
+        private DescriptorSet[] _cachedDescriptorSets;
+
         private int _cachedCommandBufferIndex;
         private int _cachedSubmissionCount;
 
+        private ShaderCollection _cachedDscProgram;
+        private int _cachedDscSetIndex;
+        private int _cachedDscIndex;
+
         private readonly bool _isBuffer;
 
-        public bool Bound;
+        private int _bindCount;
 
         public ImageArray(VulkanRenderer gd, int size, bool isBuffer)
         {
@@ -97,9 +104,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             _cachedCommandBufferIndex = -1;
             _storages = null;
+            _cachedDescriptorSets = null;
 
+            if (_bindCount != 0)
+            {
                 _gd.PipelineInternal.ForceImageDirty();
             }
+        }
 
         public void QueueWriteToReadBarriers(CommandBufferScoped cbs, PipelineStageFlags stageFlags)
         {
@@ -175,5 +186,65 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             return bufferTextures;
         }
+
+        public DescriptorSet[] GetDescriptorSets(
+            Device device,
+            CommandBufferScoped cbs,
+            DescriptorSetTemplateUpdater templateUpdater,
+            ShaderCollection program,
+            int setIndex,
+            TextureView dummyTexture)
+        {
+            if (_cachedDescriptorSets != null)
+            {
+                // We still need to ensure the current command buffer holds a reference to all used textures.
+
+                if (!_isBuffer)
+                {
+                    GetImageInfos(_gd, cbs, dummyTexture);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    GetBufferViews(cbs);
+                }
+
+                return _cachedDescriptorSets;
+            }
+
+            _cachedDscProgram?.ReleaseManualDescriptorSetCollection(_cachedDscSetIndex, _cachedDscIndex);
+            var dsc = program.GetNewManualDescriptorSetCollection(cbs.CommandBufferIndex, setIndex, out _cachedDscIndex).Get(cbs);
+
+            DescriptorSetTemplate template = program.Templates[setIndex];
+
+            DescriptorSetTemplateWriter tu = templateUpdater.Begin(template);
+
+            if (!_isBuffer)
+            {
+                tu.Push(GetImageInfos(_gd, cbs, dummyTexture));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                tu.Push(GetBufferViews(cbs));
+            }
+
+            var sets = dsc.GetSets();
+            templateUpdater.Commit(_gd, device, sets[0]);
+            _cachedDescriptorSets = sets;
+            _cachedDscProgram = program;
+            _cachedDscSetIndex = setIndex;
+
+            return sets;
+        }
+
+        public void IncrementBindCount()
+        {
+            _bindCount++;
+        }
+
+        public void DecrementBindCount()
+        {
+            int newBindCount = --_bindCount;
+            Debug.Assert(newBindCount >= 0);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineBase.cs

@@ -751,14 +751,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _vertexBufferUpdater.Commit(Cbs);
         }
 
-#pragma warning disable CA1822 // Mark member as static
         public void SetAlphaTest(bool enable, float reference, CompareOp op)
         {
             // This is currently handled using shader specialization, as Vulkan does not support alpha test.
             // In the future, we may want to use this to write the reference value into the support buffer,
             // to avoid creating one version of the shader per reference value used.
         }
-#pragma warning restore CA1822
 
         public void SetBlendState(AdvancedBlendDescriptor blend)
         {
@@ -903,6 +901,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _descriptorSetUpdater.SetImageArray(Cbs, stage, binding, array);
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            _descriptorSetUpdater.SetImageArraySeparate(Cbs, stage, setIndex, array);
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             if (buffer.Handle != BufferHandle.Null)
@@ -945,7 +948,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             // TODO: Default levels (likely needs emulation on shaders?)
         }
 
-#pragma warning disable CA1822 // Mark member as static
         public void SetPointParameters(float size, bool isProgramPointSize, bool enablePointSprite, Origin origin)
         {
             // TODO.
@@ -955,7 +957,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             // TODO.
         }
-#pragma warning restore CA1822
 
         public void SetPrimitiveRestart(bool enable, int index)
         {
@@ -1156,6 +1157,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _descriptorSetUpdater.SetTextureArray(Cbs, stage, binding, array);
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            _descriptorSetUpdater.SetTextureArraySeparate(Cbs, stage, setIndex, array);
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             PauseTransformFeedbackInternal();
@@ -1186,12 +1192,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _descriptorSetUpdater.SetUniformBuffers(CommandBuffer, buffers);
         }
 
-#pragma warning disable CA1822 // Mark member as static
         public void SetUserClipDistance(int index, bool enableClip)
         {
             // TODO.
         }
-#pragma warning restore CA1822
 
         public void SetVertexAttribs(ReadOnlySpan<VertexAttribDescriptor> vertexAttribs)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineLayoutCacheEntry.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
@@ -27,6 +28,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private int _dsLastCbIndex;
         private int _dsLastSubmissionCount;
 
+        private struct ManualDescriptorSetEntry
+        {
+            public Auto<DescriptorSetCollection> DescriptorSet;
+            public int CbIndex;
+            public int CbSubmissionCount;
+            public bool InUse;
+
+            public ManualDescriptorSetEntry(Auto<DescriptorSetCollection> descriptorSet, int cbIndex, int cbSubmissionCount, bool inUse)
+            {
+                DescriptorSet = descriptorSet;
+                CbIndex = cbIndex;
+                CbSubmissionCount = cbSubmissionCount;
+                InUse = inUse;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly List<ManualDescriptorSetEntry>[] _manualDsCache;
+
         private readonly Dictionary<long, DescriptorSetTemplate> _pdTemplates;
         private readonly ResourceDescriptorCollection _pdDescriptors;
         private long _lastPdUsage;
@@ -50,6 +69,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
 
             _dsCacheCursor = new int[setsCount];
+            _manualDsCache = new List<ManualDescriptorSetEntry>[setsCount];
         }
 
         public PipelineLayoutCacheEntry(
@@ -124,6 +144,51 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             return list[index];
         }
 
+        public Auto<DescriptorSetCollection> GetNewManualDescriptorSetCollection(int commandBufferIndex, int setIndex, out int cacheIndex)
+        {
+            int submissionCount = _gd.CommandBufferPool.GetSubmissionCount(commandBufferIndex);
+
+            var list = _manualDsCache[setIndex] ??= new();
+            var span = CollectionsMarshal.AsSpan(list);
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < span.Length; index++)
+            {
+                ref ManualDescriptorSetEntry entry = ref span[index];
+
+                if (!entry.InUse && (entry.CbIndex != commandBufferIndex || entry.CbSubmissionCount != submissionCount))
+                {
+                    entry.InUse = true;
+                    entry.CbIndex = commandBufferIndex;
+                    entry.CbSubmissionCount = submissionCount;
+
+                    cacheIndex = index;
+
+                    return entry.DescriptorSet;
+                }
+            }
+
+            var dsc = _descriptorSetManager.AllocateDescriptorSet(
+                _gd.Api,
+                DescriptorSetLayouts[setIndex],
+                _poolSizes[setIndex],
+                setIndex,
+                _consumedDescriptorsPerSet[setIndex],
+                false);
+
+            cacheIndex = list.Count;
+            list.Add(new ManualDescriptorSetEntry(dsc, commandBufferIndex, submissionCount, inUse: true));
+
+            return dsc;
+        }
+
+        public void ReleaseManualDescriptorSetCollection(int setIndex, int cacheIndex)
+        {
+            var list = _manualDsCache[setIndex];
+            var span = CollectionsMarshal.AsSpan(list);
+
+            span[cacheIndex].InUse = false;
+        }
+
         private static Span<DescriptorPoolSize> GetDescriptorPoolSizes(Span<DescriptorPoolSize> output, ResourceDescriptorCollection setDescriptor, uint multiplier)
         {
             int count = 0;
@@ -204,6 +269,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     }
                 }
 
+                for (int i = 0; i < _manualDsCache.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    if (_manualDsCache[i] == null)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    for (int j = 0; j < _manualDsCache[i].Count; j++)
+                    {
+                        _manualDsCache[i][j].DescriptorSet.Dispose();
+                    }
+
+                    _manualDsCache[i].Clear();
+                }
+
                 _gd.Api.DestroyPipelineLayout(_device, PipelineLayout, null);
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < DescriptorSetLayouts.Length; i++)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/ShaderCollection.cs

@@ -604,6 +604,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             return _plce.GetNewDescriptorSetCollection(setIndex, out isNew);
         }
 
+        public Auto<DescriptorSetCollection> GetNewManualDescriptorSetCollection(int commandBufferIndex, int setIndex, out int cacheIndex)
+        {
+            return _plce.GetNewManualDescriptorSetCollection(commandBufferIndex, setIndex, out cacheIndex);
+        }
+
+        public void ReleaseManualDescriptorSetCollection(int setIndex, int cacheIndex)
+        {
+            _plce.ReleaseManualDescriptorSetCollection(setIndex, cacheIndex);
+        }
+
         public bool HasSameLayout(ShaderCollection other)
         {
             return other != null && _plce == other._plce;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/TextureArray.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
@@ -24,12 +25,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         private HashSet<TextureStorage> _storages;
 
+        private DescriptorSet[] _cachedDescriptorSets;
+
         private int _cachedCommandBufferIndex;
         private int _cachedSubmissionCount;
 
+        private ShaderCollection _cachedDscProgram;
+        private int _cachedDscSetIndex;
+        private int _cachedDscIndex;
+
         private readonly bool _isBuffer;
 
-        public bool Bound;
+        private int _bindCount;
 
         public TextureArray(VulkanRenderer gd, int size, bool isBuffer)
         {
@@ -106,9 +113,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             _cachedCommandBufferIndex = -1;
             _storages = null;
+            _cachedDescriptorSets = null;
 
+            if (_bindCount != 0)
+            {
                 _gd.PipelineInternal.ForceTextureDirty();
             }
+        }
 
         public void QueueWriteToReadBarriers(CommandBufferScoped cbs, PipelineStageFlags stageFlags)
         {
@@ -190,5 +201,66 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             return bufferTextures;
         }
+
+        public DescriptorSet[] GetDescriptorSets(
+            Device device,
+            CommandBufferScoped cbs,
+            DescriptorSetTemplateUpdater templateUpdater,
+            ShaderCollection program,
+            int setIndex,
+            TextureView dummyTexture,
+            SamplerHolder dummySampler)
+        {
+            if (_cachedDescriptorSets != null)
+            {
+                // We still need to ensure the current command buffer holds a reference to all used textures.
+
+                if (!_isBuffer)
+                {
+                    GetImageInfos(_gd, cbs, dummyTexture, dummySampler);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    GetBufferViews(cbs);
+                }
+
+                return _cachedDescriptorSets;
+            }
+
+            _cachedDscProgram?.ReleaseManualDescriptorSetCollection(_cachedDscSetIndex, _cachedDscIndex);
+            var dsc = program.GetNewManualDescriptorSetCollection(cbs.CommandBufferIndex, setIndex, out _cachedDscIndex).Get(cbs);
+
+            DescriptorSetTemplate template = program.Templates[setIndex];
+
+            DescriptorSetTemplateWriter tu = templateUpdater.Begin(template);
+
+            if (!_isBuffer)
+            {
+                tu.Push(GetImageInfos(_gd, cbs, dummyTexture, dummySampler));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                tu.Push(GetBufferViews(cbs));
+            }
+
+            var sets = dsc.GetSets();
+            templateUpdater.Commit(_gd, device, sets[0]);
+            _cachedDescriptorSets = sets;
+            _cachedDscProgram = program;
+            _cachedDscSetIndex = setIndex;
+
+            return sets;
+        }
+
+        public void IncrementBindCount()
+        {
+            _bindCount++;
+        }
+
+        public void DecrementBindCount()
+        {
+            int newBindCount = --_bindCount;
+            Debug.Assert(newBindCount >= 0);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanRenderer.cs

@@ -728,6 +728,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 supportsViewportSwizzle: false,
                 supportsIndirectParameters: true,
                 supportsDepthClipControl: Capabilities.SupportsDepthClipControl,
+                uniformBufferSetIndex: PipelineBase.UniformSetIndex,
+                storageBufferSetIndex: PipelineBase.StorageSetIndex,
+                textureSetIndex: PipelineBase.TextureSetIndex,
+                imageSetIndex: PipelineBase.ImageSetIndex,
+                extraSetBaseIndex: PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts,
+                maximumExtraSets: Math.Max(0, (int)limits.MaxBoundDescriptorSets - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts),
                 maximumUniformBuffersPerStage: Constants.MaxUniformBuffersPerStage,
                 maximumStorageBuffersPerStage: Constants.MaxStorageBuffersPerStage,
                 maximumTexturesPerStage: Constants.MaxTexturesPerStage,

src/Ryujinx.ShaderTools/Program.cs

@@ -25,32 +25,32 @@ namespace Ryujinx.ShaderTools
                 _imagesCount = 0;
             }
 
-            public int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
+            public SetBindingPair CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
             {
-                return index + 1;
+                return new SetBindingPair(0, index + 1);
             }
 
-            public int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+            public SetBindingPair CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
             {
                 int binding = _imagesCount;
 
                 _imagesCount += count;
 
-                return binding;
+                return new SetBindingPair(3, binding);
             }
 
-            public int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
+            public SetBindingPair CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
             {
-                return index;
+                return new SetBindingPair(1, index);
             }
 
-            public int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+            public SetBindingPair CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
             {
                 int binding = _texturesCount;
 
                 _texturesCount += count;
 
-                return binding;
+                return new SetBindingPair(2, binding);
             }
 
             public ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize)