R/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/KScheduler.cs

using Ryujinx.Common;
using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Threading;

namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
{
    partial class KScheduler : IDisposable
    {
        public const int PrioritiesCount = 64;
        public const int CpuCoresCount   = 4;

        private const int RoundRobinTimeQuantumMs = 10;

        private static readonly int[] PreemptionPriorities = new int[] { 59, 59, 59, 63 };

        private readonly KernelContext _context;
        private readonly int _coreId;

        private struct SchedulingState
        {
            public volatile bool NeedsScheduling;
            public volatile KThread SelectedThread;
        }

        private SchedulingState _state;

        private AutoResetEvent _idleInterruptEvent;
        private readonly object _idleInterruptEventLock;

        private KThread _previousThread;
        private KThread _currentThread;
        private readonly KThread _idleThread;

        public KThread PreviousThread => _previousThread;
        public long LastContextSwitchTime { get; private set; }
        public long TotalIdleTimeTicks => _idleThread.TotalTimeRunning;

        public KScheduler(KernelContext context, int coreId)
        {
            _context = context;
            _coreId = coreId;

            _idleInterruptEvent = new AutoResetEvent(false);
            _idleInterruptEventLock = new object();

            KThread idleThread = CreateIdleThread(context, coreId);

            _currentThread = idleThread;
            _idleThread = idleThread;

            idleThread.StartHostThread();
            idleThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.Set();
        }

        private KThread CreateIdleThread(KernelContext context, int cpuCore)
        {
            KThread idleThread = new KThread(context);

            idleThread.Initialize(0UL, 0UL, 0UL, PrioritiesCount, cpuCore, null, ThreadType.Dummy, IdleThreadLoop);

            return idleThread;
        }

        public static ulong SelectThreads(KernelContext context)
        {
            if (context.ThreadReselectionRequested)
            {
                return SelectThreadsImpl(context);
            }
            else
            {
                return 0UL;
            }
        }

        private static ulong SelectThreadsImpl(KernelContext context)
        {
            context.ThreadReselectionRequested = false;

            ulong scheduledCoresMask = 0UL;

            for (int core = 0; core < CpuCoresCount; core++)
            {
                KThread thread = context.PriorityQueue.ScheduledThreads(core).FirstOrDefault();

                scheduledCoresMask |= context.Schedulers[core].SelectThread(thread);
            }

            for (int core = 0; core < CpuCoresCount; core++)
            {
                // If the core is not idle (there's already a thread running on it),
                // then we don't need to attempt load balancing.
                if (context.PriorityQueue.ScheduledThreads(core).Any())
                {
                    continue;
                }

                int[] srcCoresHighestPrioThreads = new int[CpuCoresCount];

                int srcCoresHighestPrioThreadsCount = 0;

                KThread dst = null;

                // Select candidate threads that could run on this core.
                // Give preference to threads that are not yet selected.
                foreach (KThread suggested in context.PriorityQueue.SuggestedThreads(core))
                {
                    if (suggested.ActiveCore < 0 || suggested != context.Schedulers[suggested.ActiveCore]._state.SelectedThread)
                    {
                        dst = suggested;
                        break;
                    }

                    srcCoresHighestPrioThreads[srcCoresHighestPrioThreadsCount++] = suggested.ActiveCore;
                }

                // Not yet selected candidate found.
                if (dst != null)
                {
                    // Priorities < 2 are used for the kernel message dispatching
                    // threads, we should skip load balancing entirely.
                    if (dst.DynamicPriority >= 2)
                    {
                        context.PriorityQueue.TransferToCore(dst.DynamicPriority, core, dst);

                        scheduledCoresMask |= context.Schedulers[core].SelectThread(dst);
                    }

                    continue;
                }

                // All candidates are already selected, choose the best one
                // (the first one that doesn't make the source core idle if moved).
                for (int index = 0; index < srcCoresHighestPrioThreadsCount; index++)
                {
                    int srcCore = srcCoresHighestPrioThreads[index];

                    KThread src = context.PriorityQueue.ScheduledThreads(srcCore).ElementAtOrDefault(1);

                    if (src != null)
                    {
                        // Run the second thread on the queue on the source core,
                        // move the first one to the current core.
                        KThread origSelectedCoreSrc = context.Schedulers[srcCore]._state.SelectedThread;

                        scheduledCoresMask |= context.Schedulers[srcCore].SelectThread(src);

                        context.PriorityQueue.TransferToCore(origSelectedCoreSrc.DynamicPriority, core, origSelectedCoreSrc);

                        scheduledCoresMask |= context.Schedulers[core].SelectThread(origSelectedCoreSrc);
                    }
                }
            }

            return scheduledCoresMask;
        }

        private ulong SelectThread(KThread nextThread)
        {
            KThread previousThread = _state.SelectedThread;

            if (previousThread != nextThread)
            {
                if (previousThread != null)
                {
                    previousThread.LastScheduledTime = PerformanceCounter.ElapsedTicks;
                }

                _state.SelectedThread = nextThread;
                _state.NeedsScheduling = true;
                return 1UL << _coreId;
            }
            else
            {
                return 0UL;
            }
        }

        public static void EnableScheduling(KernelContext context, ulong scheduledCoresMask)
        {
            KScheduler currentScheduler = context.Schedulers[KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread().CurrentCore];

            // Note that "RescheduleCurrentCore" will block, so "RescheduleOtherCores" must be done first.
            currentScheduler.RescheduleOtherCores(scheduledCoresMask);
            currentScheduler.RescheduleCurrentCore();
        }

        public static void EnableSchedulingFromForeignThread(KernelContext context, ulong scheduledCoresMask)
        {
            RescheduleOtherCores(context, scheduledCoresMask);
        }

        private void RescheduleCurrentCore()
        {
            if (_state.NeedsScheduling)
            {
                Schedule();
            }
        }

        private void RescheduleOtherCores(ulong scheduledCoresMask)
        {
            RescheduleOtherCores(_context, scheduledCoresMask & ~(1UL << _coreId));
        }

        private static void RescheduleOtherCores(KernelContext context, ulong scheduledCoresMask)
        {
            while (scheduledCoresMask != 0)
            {
                int coreToSignal = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(scheduledCoresMask);

                KThread threadToSignal = context.Schedulers[coreToSignal]._currentThread;

                // Request the thread running on that core to stop and reschedule, if we have one.
                if (threadToSignal != context.Schedulers[coreToSignal]._idleThread)
                {
                    threadToSignal.Context.RequestInterrupt();
                }

                // If the core is idle, ensure that the idle thread is awaken.
                context.Schedulers[coreToSignal]._idleInterruptEvent.Set();

                scheduledCoresMask &= ~(1UL << coreToSignal);
            }
        }

        private void IdleThreadLoop()
        {
            while (_context.Running)
            {
                _state.NeedsScheduling = false;
                Thread.MemoryBarrier();
                KThread nextThread = PickNextThread(_state.SelectedThread);

                if (_idleThread != nextThread)
                {
                    _idleThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.Reset();
                    WaitHandle.SignalAndWait(nextThread.SchedulerWaitEvent, _idleThread.SchedulerWaitEvent);
                }

                _idleInterruptEvent.WaitOne();
            }

            lock (_idleInterruptEventLock)
            {
                _idleInterruptEvent.Dispose();
                _idleInterruptEvent = null;
            }
        }

        public void Schedule()
        {
            _state.NeedsScheduling = false;
            Thread.MemoryBarrier();
            KThread currentThread = KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread();
            KThread selectedThread = _state.SelectedThread;

            // If the thread is already scheduled and running on the core, we have nothing to do.
            if (currentThread == selectedThread)
            {
                return;
            }

            currentThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.Reset();
            currentThread.ThreadContext.Unlock();

            // Wake all the threads that might be waiting until this thread context is unlocked.
            for (int core = 0; core < CpuCoresCount; core++)
            {
                _context.Schedulers[core]._idleInterruptEvent.Set();
            }

            KThread nextThread = PickNextThread(selectedThread);

            if (currentThread.Context.Running)
            {
                // Wait until this thread is scheduled again, and allow the next thread to run.
                WaitHandle.SignalAndWait(nextThread.SchedulerWaitEvent, currentThread.SchedulerWaitEvent);
            }
            else
            {
                // Allow the next thread to run.
                nextThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.Set();

                // We don't need to wait since the thread is exiting, however we need to
                // make sure this thread will never call the scheduler again, since it is
                // no longer assigned to a core.
                currentThread.MakeUnschedulable();

                // Just to be sure, set the core to a invalid value.
                // This will trigger a exception if it attempts to call schedule again,
                // rather than leaving the scheduler in a invalid state.
                currentThread.CurrentCore = -1;
            }
        }

        private KThread PickNextThread(KThread selectedThread)
        {
            while (true)
            {
                if (selectedThread != null)
                {
                    // Try to run the selected thread.
                    // We need to acquire the context lock to be sure the thread is not
                    // already running on another core. If it is, then we return here
                    // and the caller should try again once there is something available for scheduling.
                    // The thread currently running on the core should have been requested to
                    // interrupt so this is not expected to take long.
                    // The idle thread must also be paused if we are scheduling a thread
                    // on the core, as the scheduled thread will handle the next switch.
                    if (selectedThread.ThreadContext.Lock())
                    {
                        SwitchTo(selectedThread);

                        if (!_state.NeedsScheduling)
                        {
                            return selectedThread;
                        }

                        selectedThread.ThreadContext.Unlock();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        return _idleThread;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // The core is idle now, make sure that the idle thread can run
                    // and switch the core when a thread is available.
                    SwitchTo(null);
                    return _idleThread;
                }

                _state.NeedsScheduling = false;
                Thread.MemoryBarrier();
                selectedThread = _state.SelectedThread;
            }
        }

        private void SwitchTo(KThread nextThread)
        {
            KProcess currentProcess = KernelStatic.GetCurrentProcess();
            KThread currentThread = KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread();

            nextThread ??= _idleThread;

            if (currentThread != nextThread)
            {
                long previousTicks = LastContextSwitchTime;
                long currentTicks = PerformanceCounter.ElapsedTicks;
                long ticksDelta = currentTicks - previousTicks;

                currentThread.AddCpuTime(ticksDelta);

                if (currentProcess != null)
                {
                    currentProcess.AddCpuTime(ticksDelta);
                }

                LastContextSwitchTime = currentTicks;

                if (currentProcess != null)
                {
                    _previousThread = !currentThread.TerminationRequested && currentThread.ActiveCore == _coreId ? currentThread : null;
                }
                else if (currentThread == _idleThread)
                {
                    _previousThread = null;
                }
            }

            if (nextThread.CurrentCore != _coreId)
            {
                nextThread.CurrentCore = _coreId;
            }

            _currentThread = nextThread;
        }

        public static void PreemptionThreadLoop(KernelContext context)
        {
            while (context.Running)
            {
                context.CriticalSection.Enter();

                for (int core = 0; core < CpuCoresCount; core++)
                {
                    RotateScheduledQueue(context, core, PreemptionPriorities[core]);
                }

                context.CriticalSection.Leave();

                Thread.Sleep(RoundRobinTimeQuantumMs);
            }
        }

        private static void RotateScheduledQueue(KernelContext context, int core, int prio)
        {
            IEnumerable<KThread> scheduledThreads = context.PriorityQueue.ScheduledThreads(core);

            KThread selectedThread = scheduledThreads.FirstOrDefault(x => x.DynamicPriority == prio);
            KThread nextThread = null;

            // Yield priority queue.
            if (selectedThread != null)
            {
                nextThread = context.PriorityQueue.Reschedule(prio, core, selectedThread);
            }

            IEnumerable<KThread> SuitableCandidates()
            {
                foreach (KThread suggested in context.PriorityQueue.SuggestedThreads(core))
                {
                    int suggestedCore = suggested.ActiveCore;
                    if (suggestedCore >= 0)
                    {
                        KThread selectedSuggestedCore = context.PriorityQueue.ScheduledThreads(suggestedCore).FirstOrDefault();

                        if (selectedSuggestedCore == suggested || (selectedSuggestedCore != null && selectedSuggestedCore.DynamicPriority < 2))
                        {
                            continue;
                        }
                    }

                    // If the candidate was scheduled after the current thread, then it's not worth it.
                    if (nextThread == selectedThread ||
                        nextThread == null ||
                        nextThread.LastScheduledTime >= suggested.LastScheduledTime)
                    {
                        yield return suggested;
                    }
                }
            }

            // Select candidate threads that could run on this core.
            // Only take into account threads that are not yet selected.
            KThread dst = SuitableCandidates().FirstOrDefault(x => x.DynamicPriority == prio);

            if (dst != null)
            {
                context.PriorityQueue.TransferToCore(prio, core, dst);
            }

            // If the priority of the currently selected thread is lower or same as the preemption priority,
            // then try to migrate a thread with lower priority.
            KThread bestCandidate = context.PriorityQueue.ScheduledThreads(core).FirstOrDefault();

            if (bestCandidate != null && bestCandidate.DynamicPriority >= prio)
            {
                dst = SuitableCandidates().FirstOrDefault(x => x.DynamicPriority < bestCandidate.DynamicPriority);

                if (dst != null)
                {
                    context.PriorityQueue.TransferToCore(dst.DynamicPriority, core, dst);
                }
            }

            context.ThreadReselectionRequested = true;
        }

        public static void Yield(KernelContext context)
        {
            KThread currentThread = KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread();

            if (!currentThread.IsSchedulable)
            {
                return;
            }

            context.CriticalSection.Enter();

            if (currentThread.SchedFlags != ThreadSchedState.Running)
            {
                context.CriticalSection.Leave();
                return;
            }

            KThread nextThread = context.PriorityQueue.Reschedule(currentThread.DynamicPriority, currentThread.ActiveCore, currentThread);

            if (nextThread != currentThread)
            {
                context.ThreadReselectionRequested = true;
            }

            context.CriticalSection.Leave();
        }

        public static void YieldWithLoadBalancing(KernelContext context)
        {
            KThread currentThread = KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread();

            if (!currentThread.IsSchedulable)
            {
                return;
            }

            context.CriticalSection.Enter();

            if (currentThread.SchedFlags != ThreadSchedState.Running)
            {
                context.CriticalSection.Leave();
                return;
            }

            int prio = currentThread.DynamicPriority;
            int core = currentThread.ActiveCore;

            // Move current thread to the end of the queue.
            KThread nextThread = context.PriorityQueue.Reschedule(prio, core, currentThread);

            IEnumerable<KThread> SuitableCandidates()
            {
                foreach (KThread suggested in context.PriorityQueue.SuggestedThreads(core))
                {
                    int suggestedCore = suggested.ActiveCore;
                    if (suggestedCore >= 0)
                    {
                        KThread selectedSuggestedCore = context.Schedulers[suggestedCore]._state.SelectedThread;

                        if (selectedSuggestedCore == suggested || (selectedSuggestedCore != null && selectedSuggestedCore.DynamicPriority < 2))
                        {
                            continue;
                        }
                    }

                    // If the candidate was scheduled after the current thread, then it's not worth it,
                    // unless the priority is higher than the current one.
                    if (suggested.LastScheduledTime <= nextThread.LastScheduledTime ||
                        suggested.DynamicPriority < nextThread.DynamicPriority)
                    {
                        yield return suggested;
                    }
                }
            }

            KThread dst = SuitableCandidates().FirstOrDefault(x => x.DynamicPriority <= prio);

            if (dst != null)
            {
                context.PriorityQueue.TransferToCore(dst.DynamicPriority, core, dst);

                context.ThreadReselectionRequested = true;
            }
            else if (currentThread != nextThread)
            {
                context.ThreadReselectionRequested = true;
            }

            context.CriticalSection.Leave();
        }

        public static void YieldToAnyThread(KernelContext context)
        {
            KThread currentThread = KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread();

            if (!currentThread.IsSchedulable)
            {
                return;
            }

            context.CriticalSection.Enter();

            if (currentThread.SchedFlags != ThreadSchedState.Running)
            {
                context.CriticalSection.Leave();
                return;
            }

            int core = currentThread.ActiveCore;

            context.PriorityQueue.TransferToCore(currentThread.DynamicPriority, -1, currentThread);

            if (!context.PriorityQueue.ScheduledThreads(core).Any())
            {
                KThread selectedThread = null;

                foreach (KThread suggested in context.PriorityQueue.SuggestedThreads(core))
                {
                    int suggestedCore = suggested.ActiveCore;

                    if (suggestedCore < 0)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    KThread firstCandidate = context.PriorityQueue.ScheduledThreads(suggestedCore).FirstOrDefault();

                    if (firstCandidate == suggested)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (firstCandidate == null || firstCandidate.DynamicPriority >= 2)
                    {
                        context.PriorityQueue.TransferToCore(suggested.DynamicPriority, core, suggested);
                    }

                    selectedThread = suggested;
                    break;
                }

                if (currentThread != selectedThread)
                {
                    context.ThreadReselectionRequested = true;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                context.ThreadReselectionRequested = true;
            }

            context.CriticalSection.Leave();
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            // Ensure that the idle thread is not blocked and can exit.
            lock (_idleInterruptEventLock)
            {
                if (_idleInterruptEvent != null)
                {
                    _idleInterruptEvent.Set();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}